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HORT EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agriculture | the science and tech of growing and raising plants & animals |
| forestry | the science and tech of culturing, utilizing, and improving forest trees and their products (ex. pulp, oil) |
| agronomy | the science and tech of culturing, utilizing, and improving field crops (grain, fiber, and forage crops) |
| horticulture | the science, tech, and art of culturing, utilizing, and improving fruit, vegetable, flowering, and ornamental plants |
| areas of agriculture | 1. horticulture 2. agronomy 3. forestry |
| areas of horticulture | 1. olericulture 2. pomology 3. ornamental horticulture |
| olericulture | vegetable production |
| pomology | fruit & nut production |
| ornamental horticulture | NO FOOD; plants grown for aesthetic, environment, or functional uses (ex. E conservation) |
| areas of ornamental horticulture | 1. floriculture 2. floristry 3. nursery production 4. landscape horticulture |
| floriculture | flowering and foliage plant production |
| floristry | floral design & retail |
| nursery production | tree, shrub, and vine production |
| landscape horticulture | exterior and interior design; construction and maintenance of landscapes |
| turf | grasses for lawns, stadiums, landscapes, and golf courses |
| classical guidelines for placement of a crop in horticulture, agronomy, or forestry | 1. intensity of production 2. purpose crop is grown for 3. tradition or custom |
| organs of a plant | 1. flower 2. stem 3. root 4. leaf |
| tissue systems of a plant | 1. dermal 2. vascular 3. ground or fundamental |
| dermal tissue system | SKIN; protect from environment and from water loss; epidermis OR periderm/bark |
| epidermis | single layer of cells on PRIMARY (herbaceous) plant parts |
| periderm or bark | corky tissue that replaces epidermis on SECONDARY (woody) plant parts |
| vascular tissue system | VEINS (on leaf); conduction of water, nutrients, sugars, and hormones thruout the plant; xylem AND phloem |
| xylem | conducts water and nutrients UP roots, stems, and leaves |
| phloem | conducts water, sugar, hormones, etc. DOWN & UP roots, stems, and leaves; moves from where produced (sources) to where needed (sinks) |
| ground or fundamental tissue system | tissue betw. veins; storage, support, filler tissue, and site of photosynthesis; cortex, pith, and mesophyll |
| cortex | outer region of stem and roots |
| pith | center of stems |
| mesophyll | middle of leaves and flower petals |
| 3 basic cell types | 1. parenchyma 2. collenchyma 3. screlenchyma |
| parenchyma | PRIMARY cell walls; non-lignified; ex. flesh of potato, lettuce leaf, apple (can be eaten) |
| collenchyma | PRIMARY cell walls; non-lignified; ex. strings in celery stalks |
| sclerenchyma | SECONDARY cell walls; lignified (tough); ex. bamboo |
| 2 types of sclerenchyma | a. fiber (cant chew, stringy) b. sclereid or stone cell (coconut) |
| animal cells do not have a ____ ________ | cell wall |
| polysaccharide | a polymer of chain of sugars |
| types of polysaccharides | 1. cellulose 2. hemicellulose 3. pectin |
| cellulose | most common; forms a matrix of microfibilis |
| hemicellulose | filler betw. cellulose microfibilis |
| pectin | cementing agent or filler; high in middle lamella and fruit |
| middle lamella | joins cells together (ex. gum that joins 2 balloons----ONLY ON 2ND CELL WALL---TOUGH); sticky mostly pectin |
| lignin | tough polymer of phenolic compounds; HIGH IN 2ND CELL WALL |
| protein | mainly structural |
| plasmalemma/plasma membrane | the membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm; semi-permeable--regulates absorption and leaking; LETS IN GOOD KEEPS OUT BAD; all cells have it |
| every membrane is ________ & gives _______ if _________ cell will die | semi-permeable; rigidity; ruptured |
| plasmodesmata | how cells communicate; extensions thru cell walls |
| cytoplasm | cytosol plus organelles; most metabolism occurs in the cytosol or the organelles |
| cytosol | fluid portion of the cytoplasm; |
| organelles | specialized structures in cytoplasm; each with specific functions |
| organelles: nucleus | brain of cell; location of DNA and some RNA; chromosomes & nucleolus inside |
| nucleus: chromosome | strands or coils of DNA |
| nucleus: nucleolus | spherical dense body; site of ribosome synthesis |
| organelles: mitochondrion | MAJOR SITE OF RESPIRATION; "power house" of cell |
| organelles: plastid | animal cells dont have one; double membrane-bound bodies for storage and photosynthesis |
| leucoplast | colorless plastids |
| amyloplast | starch storage |
| elaioplast | fat and oil storage |
| chromoplast (*) | colored plastids for storage of CAROTENOIDS (orange and yellow pigments) |
| chloroplast | green plastids that contain chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis |
| carotenoids | orange and yellow pigments |
| endoplastic reticulum | for communication across the cytoplasm; site of protein & membrane synthesis; MOVE THINGS AROUND CELL |
| ribosome | dense spheres of RNA; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS occurs on their surface |
| vacuole | stores waste, acids, salts, anthocyanins (blue, red, purple pigments), enzymes |
| ANTHOCYANINS | blue, red, purple pigments |
| tonoplast | membrane that surrounds the vacuole |
| golgi body/dictyosome | disk-shaped membranes for membrane and polysaccharide synthesis |
| microbody | membrane bound STORAGE bodies w various functions |
| microtubule | tubular rods used in mitosis & cellulose ORIENTATION in cell walls |
| how many genes in our body | 30,000 |
| how many chromosomes in our body | 23 |
| diff colors = ____ ______ in chromosome string example | diff genes |
| genes will | pul themselves from coil; isolate; unspiral into 2 parts bc one side will duplicate self & then come together again |
| mRNA | reflection of DNA |
| GMOs | genes removed and added to other orgs |
| 1st GMO | was a cotton plant w bacteria protein to kill pests |
| DNA | a double-helix chain of sugar-phosphates connected by nucleic acids (ATGC) |
| RNA | single stranded chain of sugar-phosphates containing nucleic acids (AUGC) |
| nucleic acids | org acids that form the base pairs of DNA and single-bases of RNA |
| A goes w | T (DNA) or U (RNA) |
| G goes w | C (DNA & RNA) |
| gene | a length of DNA that codes for the production of a protein; also codes for active RNAs (such as tRNA) |
| protein | a polymer or chain of amino acids |
| enzyme | a protein that acts as a metabolic catalyst |
| some proteins act as ________ | catalysts |
| genetic dogma | genes do nothing, only unravel |
| DNA is instructions for how to ______ ______ & ________ do the rest of the work | make proteins; proteins |
| plants grow from localized areas called _________ | meristems |
| meristem | discrete regions or groups of cells that possess continued cell division for the life of the plant or that organ |
| primary growth | growth in LENGTH that gives rise to primary (herbaceous) tissues |
| primary growth: apical meristem or apex | growing points located at the tips of stems and roots (GROWS IN LENGTH) |
| primary growth: intercalary meristem | the growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate (ex. BLADES OF GRASS----JUST LONG GRASS LEAVES) |
| secondary growth | growth in WIDTH or diameter that gives rise to secondary (woody or corky) tissues |
| secondary growth: lateral meristem | meristematic regions along the sides of stems and roots |
| 2 types of lateral meristems give rise to secondary growth | 1. vascular cambium or cambium 2. cork cambium or phellogen |
| lateral meristems : vascular cambium or cambium | makes rings of wood-----secondary xylem |
| lateral meristems : cork cambium or phellogen | gives rise to the periderm (BARK) |
| phyll = | leaf |
| xylem points | inward |
| phloem points | outward |
| spring tree rings = | largest growth ----> bigger wider & lighter rings |
| fall/winter tree rings = | shortest growth -----> darker & thinner rings |
| T/F roots can be woody | true |
| buds are attached to ______ | nodes |
| monocots (*) | long & linear leaves (ex. corn); // venation; herbaceous to wood-like growth but no true wood; CAN NEVER BE WOODY |
| dicots (*) | broad leaves; net venation; herbaceous or woody; CAN BE WOODY |
| gymnosperms (*) | needle-like (ex. Xmas trees); herbaceous or woody; CAN BE WOODY |
| bud | an underdev. & unelongated stem composed of a short axis w compressed internodes, a meristematic apex, and primordial leaves and/or flowers |
| terminal bud | a bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth (tips) |
| axillary bud or lateral bud | buds along the sides of a stem; produced by the terminal bud during growth |
| flower bud | a bud containing a floral meristem which develops into flowers; usually larger than vegetative buds |
| leaf scar | a scar marking the former point of attachment of a leaf or petiole to stem |
| internode | the part of stem betw. nodes |
| node | part of stem marking the point of attachment of leaves, flowers, fruits, buds, and other stems |
| lenticel | rough areas on stem; breathing pores; only occur on young stems; |
| growth rings | bud scale scars from last terminal bud; used to age stems;one growth rate usually = 1 year (like a tree) |
| primary growth stem description for dicot & gymnosperm | epidermis surrounds; phloem and xylem surround in inner circle; pith in middle; cortex |
| vascular bundle | xylem and phloem |
| xylem always faces | inner (3 small dots) |
| phloem always faces | outer (1 big dot) |
| secondary growth stem description for dicot or gymnosperm | periderm surrounds (bark); xylem inner circle; phloem surrounding next to periderm; both xylem and phloem thicken every year (xylem > phloem) |
| cambium (secondary growth stem description for dicot or gymnosperm) | circle that surrounds |
| ray (secondary growth stem description for dicot or gymnosperm) | radian-like lines thruout |
| monocot primary growth stem description | vascular bundles are scattered; epidermis surrounds |
| monocot, dicot, and gymnosperm root description in primary growth | virtually same for all; xylem is in the middle like a t surrounded by phloems; root hairs; endodermis |
| root hair | site of absorption of water and nutrients and sometimes bad stuff |
| endodermis | on roots; enzyme; inner epidermis |
| dicot or gymnosperm root description in secondary growth | almost same as woody stem; except has xylem in center instead of pith |
| simple leaf: blade/lamina | flattened part of leaf |
| simple leaf: margin | edge of leaf |
| simple leaf: midrib | prominent central vein |
| simple leaf: lateral veins | secondary veins |
| simple leaf: petiole | leaf stalk (connects leaf to stem) |
| simple leaf: stipules | baby leaves at base of petiole |
| compound leaf: leaflet | secondary leaf to a compound leaf |
| compound leaf | small leaves that look like one big leaf |
| compound leaf: rachis | an extension of petiole bearing leaflets |
| compound leaf: petiolule | the leaflet stalk |
| leaf arrangements: alternate | one leaf per node in a staggering (spiral) way along stem |
| leaf arrangements: opposite | two leaves (pair) per node usually opposite each other |
| leaf arrangements: whorled | three or more leaves per node usually equally spaces around node |
| simple leaf types | 1. pinnate venation 2. palmate venation 3. parallel venation |
| pinnate venation | simple leaf; feather-like |
| palmate venation | simple leaf; finger-like |
| parallel venation | simple leaf; like a blade of grass |
| compound leaf types | 1. pinnately compound 2. palmately compound |
| pinnately compound | feather-like compound leaf |
| palmately compound | finger-like compound leaf |
| stoma | air goes in and out of leaf; hole created by 2 cells that touch each other but are not joined |
| monocots and dicots leaves are similar except | monocots have no palisade and mesophyll is all spongy |
| gymnosperm leaf example | pine needle |
| stoma opens during | day; water uptake |
| stoma closes during | night; water loss |
| stoma in photosynthesis | CO2 inhaled & O2 released |
| stoma for respiration | CO2 released & O2 inhaled |
| palisade parenchyma is specialized for | photosynthesis |
| spongy mesophyll is specialized for | respiration |
| sun grown leaf | thicker bc thicker palisade parenchyma |
| shade grown leaf | thinner but bigger and more pliable due to thinner palisade parenchyma and more spongy mesophyll |
| complete flower | contains all floral parts (pistil, stamen, petal, sepal) |
| incomplete flower | lacks one or more of the floral parts (doesnt have to be imperfect) |
| perfect flower | contains both pistil and stamen (may or may not have sepal or petal) REPRODUCTIVE PARTS |
| imperfect flower | lacks either pistil or stamen (may or may not have sepal or petal); has to be incomplete; NOT ALL REPRODUCTIVE PARTS |
| pistillate | female part; pistil |
| staminate | male part; stamen |
| monoecious | both sexes on SAME PLANT |
| dioecious | SEPARATE male & female plants (holly: females = berries; males = no berries) |
| fruit | ripened ovary |
| pericarp | fruit wall |
| exocarp | outer layer of pericarp |
| mesocarp | middle layer of pericarp |
| endocarp | inner layer of pericarp |
| seed | ripened ovule covered by a testa |
| testa | seed coat; protective outer layer of most seeds |
| flower structure: stigma | sticky; where the pollen lands |
| carp = | fruit |
| seed structure: cotyledon | storage |
| seed structure: hilium | bellybutton; umbilical cors |
| petal function | attract pollinators |
| not all plants have _________ | flowers |
| corolla | all petals together |
| calyx | all sepals (little green leaves at base of flower) together |
| ovary | where fruit comes from |
| ovule | makes seed |
| stigma and anther recognize each other as ________ species through ______ ______ | same species thru chemical processes |
| dark reaction can only occur when | light is on & stops after secs. that light goes off |
| dark reaction needs | LIGHT |
| chloroplast | the green plastid in which photosyn. occurs |
| chlorophyll | green pigment that absorbs light needed for photosyn.; inside chloroplast |
| thylakoids | pancake-looking things; flattened sack-like membranes inside chloroplast; have chlorophyll inside |
| granum (pl. grana) | stack of thylakoids; stack of pancakes |
| stroma lamellae | tubular membranes that connect the grana in the chloroplast |
| stroma | fluid matrix of the chloroplast |
| net equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O ---(LIGHT)--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| net equation for respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---(LIGHT)--> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| light reaction | part of photosynthesis that uses water and light to produce the oxygen |
| dark reaction | part of photosynthesis that uses the carbon dioxide to make the carb (sugar--glucose) |
| increasing inputs | speeds up reaction |
| decreasing outputs | speeds up reaction |
| decreasing inputs | slows down reaction |
| increasing outputs | slows down reaction |
| chlorophyll absorbs _____ & _____ light and reflects _______ light | red and blue; green |
| why didnt the green greenhouse work? | green color reflected light so plants got not light absorbed bc it was being reflected so the plants felt in the shade |
| CAM plants | desert plants |
| CAM plants stoma opening & closing times | open (NIGHT) & close (DAY--- bc its hot) |
| HID lights | football fiel lights; for plants to grow as fast as outdoors |
| quality | the wavelength/color of light |
| quantity | intensity or amount of light |
| if T increases; photosynthesis will __________ until it gets _____ _______ & stoma will _______ | increase; too hot; close |
| water stress will cause plants to ______ stoma | close |
| any deficiency in nutrients will cause plants to _______ stoma | close |
| the ratio needed for fluorescent & incandescent to mimic summer sunlight | 70/30 |
| which artificial light source is best for plants | fluorescent bc similar to chlorophyll absorption |
| plants saturate out in photosynthesis rate in | 1,200-2,000 range foot candles |
| tall plants should be put on the _______ side | north |
| short plants should be put on the _______ side | south |
| if u increase CO2; respiration will | decrease |
| if u increase oxygen; respiration will | increase |
| if u decrease oxygen; respiration will | decrease |
| always want respiration to ______ so CO2 must ______ & O2 must ________ | decrease/slow down; increase; decrease |
| anaerobic | without O2 |
| lysis | to break glucose |
| plants make ________ the sugar they actually need | 10x |
| plants store excess sugar in | amynoplast |
| plant inhale | respiration |
| plant exhale | photosynthesis |
| E is released when _ ______ are broken | C bonds |
| human produce _______ ______ rather than ethanol after exercising and losing O2 thru anaerobic ferm. | lactic acid |
| krebs cycle | C are being cycled around |
| increasing input | inc. reaction |
| decreasing input | dec. reaction |
| increasing output | dec reaction |
| decreasing output | inc. reaction |
| inc. input makes reaction go ______ than just dec. output which also inc. reaction | faster |
| 1. glycolysis process | glycolysis----->Krebs cycle----->cytochrome system---->36 ATP + O2 & H2O |
| 2. glycolysis process | glycolysis----->anaerobic fermentation----->ethanol |
| ATP E is difficult to _____ | store |
| young tissue has ______ respiration than _____ ______ | higher than older tissue |
| ethylene | gas hormone that makes a bunch of apples start to ripen once one of them has ripened (one apple ruins the bunch) |
| senescence | rotting |
| when T decreases; respiration will | decrease |
| when freezing T (~32F); respiration will | stop |
| increasing T will _______ respiration | increase |
| when T is too hot; respiration will | decrease as tissue deteriorates |
| when oxygen decreases; respiration will | decrease------> anaerobic respiration (produces ethanol/alcohol) |
| when carbon dioxide increases; respiration will | decreases |
| wounded or damaged tissue has a ________ respiration rate than healthier tissue | higher |
| dry tissue has _______ respiration rate | decreased |
| MAP---modified atmo. packaging | sealed salad; just enough O2 to slow down respiration & avoid anaerobic resp. |
| where does light reaction occur | grana of chloroplast |
| where does dark reaction occur | stroma of chloroplast |
| inputs of light reaction | light and water |
| output of light reaction | oxygen |
| inputs of dark reaction | carbon dioxide |
| output of dark reaction | carbohydrate |
| dark reaction only occurs when | light reaction occurs (so both really need light) |
| where does glycolysis occur | cytosol of cytoplasm |
| input of glycolysis | carb (glucose) |
| output of glycolysis | metabolic energy (ATP) |
| where does anaerobic ferm. occur | cytosol of cytoplasm |
| output of anaerobic ferm. | CO2, ethanol, some E |
| where does krebs cycle occur | matrix of mitochondria |
| output of krebs cycle | CO2 and metabolic E (ATP) |
| cytochrome system input | O2 |
| ctyochrome system output | water, ATP |
| does the krebs cycle have listed inputs? | no |
| does anaerobic ferm. have listed inputs? | no |
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daisy1251
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