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HB (Chapt. 7)
Honors Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | Basic unit of life. |
| Cell Theorgy | All living things made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things, & new cells made from existing cells. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Do not separate their genetic material within a nucleus, will grow, response, respond to environment, & sometimes glide along surfaces or swim through liquids. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Generally more complex/larger than cells without a nucleus. The nucleus separates the genetic material from rest of cell. |
| Cytoplasm | Aqueous semi-fluid that fills internal space of cells. |
| Oranelles | Specialized organs in cells. Means "little organs". |
| Nucleus | Contains nearly all the cell's DNA, also coded instructions for making proteins & other important molecules. "Brain" |
| Chromosomes | Carry cells genetic information, found in the nucleus, spread throughout nucleus in form of chromatin. |
| Chromatin | A complex of DNA bound to proteins. "Uncoiled DNA" |
| Nucleous | Small dense region in nuclei. It assembles ribosomes. |
| Vacuoles | Large, sac-like membrane enclosed structures that store materials (water, salts, proteins, & carbs. |
| Lysosomes | Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbs, & proteins into smaller molecules. |
| Lysosomes | Small organelles involved with breaking down organelles that have "outlived/junk" their usefulness. |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein filaments that gives eukaryotic cells shape & internal organization and helps with cell movement. |
| Cytoskeleton | Helps to transport materials between different parts of the cells. Made up of microfilaments and microtubules. |
| Microfilaments | Threadlike structures made up a protein called actin. |
| Microfilaments | Form extensive networks in some cells & produce a tough flexible framework that supports cells and help cell move. |
| Microtubules | Hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. |
| Microtubules | Play critical roles in maintaining cell shape, cell division, form structure called mitotic spindle |
| Mitotic spindle | Helps separate chromosomes. |
| Centrioles | In animal cells, microtubules are also called _________. |
| Centioles | Located near the nucleus & help organize cell division. These structures are not found in plant cells. |
| Ribosomes | Small particles of RNA,. The proteins are assembled in ribosomes. Produces protein on orders following coded instructions that come from DNA. |
| Proteins | Are found throughout the cytoplasm and are assembled in ribosomes and are produced by Golgi Apparatus. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins & other materials that are exported from cells. Also found in Eukaryotic cells. |
| Cell Membrane | Thin flexible barrier that separated intercelluar space from external environment, mostly lipids. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Found in eukaryotic cells. Receives materials from ER and send them to other parts of the cell. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Place where proteins are produced, received, modified and shipped. |
| Chloroplasts | Found in plants & other organisms. Biological equivalents of solar power plants. |
| Chloroplasts | Capture energy from sunlight "photosynthesis". Inside contains large stacks of membranes, contain green pigments called chlorophyll. |
| Mitochondria | Power plants of cell that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for cell to use. |
| Mitochondria | Has two membranes - outer & inner membranes. This structure helps with cellular respiration. |
| Cell Wall | Mostly found in prokaryotes and plant cells. Produces strong supporting layer around membrane. Main function is support, shape, and protects the cells. The membrane is porous. |
| Lipid Bilayer | Gives cell membrane a flexible structure that form strong barrier (protection/support) between cells & surrounding membrane. Regulates what enters & leaves cells. |
| Selectively Permeable | Some substances can pass across membrane & others cannot. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double layered membrane barrier that protects DNA. |
| Nuclear Pores | Tiny holes in nuclear envelope that allows certain components to enter & leave nucleus. |
| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a proteinV |
| Perixosomes | Specialized lysosomes that contains enzymes catalase that break down Hydrogen Oxide. |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like structure that helps with cell or organism movement. |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like structure that helps with cell or organism movement. |
| Protein synthesis | Links amino acids to make proteins. |
| Transport Vesicles | Carries protein from RER to Golgi, from Golgi to other parts of cell or from Golgi to cell membrane to be expelled from cells. |
| Photosynthesis | Plant cells convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy. |
| Smooth ER | Produces lipids, repairs cell membrane & removes toxins. |
| Centosome | Made up of two centroles. Produces microtubules and plays important role during animal division. |
| Scientist who observed cells from a cork tree using a primitive microscope in 1665. | Robert Hooke |
| Scientist who discovered tiny creatures (protozoa) through a microscope in 1674. | Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
| Scientist who discovers bacteria which are smaller than protozoa in 1638. | Anton |
| The 3 scientist who proposed the cell theory in mid 1800's. | Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow |
| Miroscopes | Tools that use a variety of magnifying lenses that enables you to view/observe very small things unable to be seen with the naked eye. |
| List 4 types of microscopes. | light microscopes, electron microscopes, TEM, & SEM |
| Light Microscope | Type of microscope where specimen can be seen alive. Usually preserved & affixed to a slide, illuminated from beneath by light source. Has 2 or more lenses to magnify image. Specimens often stained with dyes to see more details. |
| Electron Microscope | Type of microscope that uses beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields to magnify images. Specimens preserved & affixed to slide that must remain in a vacuum. |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Type of microscope where the specimen's sliced & internal structures can be seen/visible. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Type of microscope that provides/gives a 3-dimensional view of the external structures. |
Created by:
tonyvonna1
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