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chapter 2-bio vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
| element | a substance that cannot be separated, or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| ion | an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or two electrons and has a negative positive charge |
| ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest form of matter that cam exist by itself and retain all of a substance's chemical properties |
| hydrogen bond | the inter molecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecle is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| cohesion | the force that holds molecules of a single material together |
| adhesion | the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
| solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| solute | in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent |
| acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts |
| base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts |
| pH | measurement of acidity; related to free hydrogen ion concentration in solution |
| monomer | molecular subunit of a polymer |
| polymer | a large molecule that is formed by more than 5 monomers, or samll units |
| carbohydrate | a class of molecules that include sugar, starches, and fibers; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| lipid | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
| fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid |
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component in all cells |
| amino acid | a compound of a class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxylic group and an amino group and that combine to form proteins |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound named either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotide and contain genetic information |
| chemical reaction | process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds |
| reactant | a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
| product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
| bond energy | amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; of the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms |
| equilibrium | in biology, the state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout the space |
| activation energy | the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| exothermic | a chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat |
| endothermic | chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy |
| catalyse | substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction |
| enzyme | a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part , substance, or element; the reactant in reactions that catalyst by enzymes |
Created by:
megan_boehl1
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