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BIOL250 (Unit 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are 4 functions of Epithelial Tissue? | 1. Provide physical protection 2. Control permeability 3. Provide sensation 4. Produce specialized secretions |
| Where are exocrine and endocrine glands found? What do they do? | They're found in the epithelial tissue. Exocrine glands secrete onto external surfaces while endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid to enter the bloodstream |
| What is polarity? | The presence of structural differences between the apical surface and the base of the epithelial cell |
| What are the three shapes of epithelial cells? | 1. Squamous, 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar |
| What are tight junctions? | Epithelial cells that line the intestinal tract and form a barrier to isolate the basolateral surfaces and deeper tissues from the lumen |
| What is an adhesion belt? | It locks together the terminal web of neighboring cells to strengthen the apical region and prevent leaks at the tight junctions |
| What are gap junctions? | They permit chemical communication such as the diffusion of ions and small molecules to coordinate actions of adjacent cells |
| What are desmosomes? | They provide firm attachment between neighboring cells by interlocking their cytoskeletons |
| What type of tissue is the only tissue to provide true movement? | Muscle tissue |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth |
| What does nervous tissue do? | Conducts electrical stimuli to and from the brain |
| What is the simple squamous epithelium? | The body's most delicate type of epithelium which is located where absorption or diffusion takes place |
| Mesothelium and Endothelium are both types of simple squamous epithelium. What is the difference between them? | The mesothelium lines the pericardia, pleural, and peritoneal body cavities, while the endothelium lines the inner surface of the heart and the blood vessels |
| What is stratified squamous epithelium? | It is located in areas of high stress, such as the skin, mouth, and vagina |
| What is the difference between keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has layers packed with keratin for strength and water-resistence, while nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium can resist abrasion but will dry out unless kept moist |
| What is the difference between simple cuboidal epithelia and stratified cuboidal epithelia? | Simple cuboidal epithelia provide protection where secretion or absorption takes place while stratified cuboidal epithelia are located along sweat gland ducts and the mammary glands |
| What type of epithelium only exists in a stratified type and tolerates repeated cycles of stretching without damage? | Transitional epithelium |
| What does simple columnar epithelia do? | Contains microvilli to increase the area for absorption and motile cilia that move substances across the apical surface |
| What does Pseudostratified columnar epithelium do? | It is connected to the basement membrane to help support |
| What are the only unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin to form mucus? | Goblet cells |
| What are the basic components of all connective tissue? | 1. Specialized cells 2. Extracellular protein fibers 3. Ground substance which works with extracellular fibers to make a matrix surrounding the cell |
| What are the three types of connective tissue? | 1. Connective tissue proper 2. Fluid connective tissues 3. Supporting connective tissues |
| What is the matrix? | Surrounds connective tissue, transports oxygen, provides support to connective tissue |
| What type of connective tissue is the least specialized, most commonly found in the body, and makes up the general packing materials? | Areolar loose connective tissue |
| What is the difference between aeriolar connective tissue and adipose tissue? | They both perform the same function, but adipose tissue contains more adiposites |
| What are the characteristics of life? | 1. Cells 2. Organization 3. Responsiveness 4. Regulation 5. Growth and development 6. Reproduction 7. Metabolism |
| What are the processes of life? | 1. Respiration 2. Excretion 3. Circulation 4. Digestion |
| What are the levels of organization? | 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level |
| What are the smallest units of life? | Cells |
| What are the main types of cells? | 1. Muscle 2. Bone 3. Blood 4. Fat 5. Reproductive 6. Cells lining the digestive tract 7. Nerve |
| What are specialized groups of cells and cell products called? | Tissues |
| What are the major functions of the integumentary system? | 1. Protects against environmental hazards 2. helps control body temperature |
| What are the major functions of the skeletal system? | 1. Provides support and protection to tissues 2. Stores minerals 3. Forms blood cells |
| What are the major functions of the muscular system? | 1. Provides support 2. Produces movement 3. Generate heat |
| What are the major functions of the nervous system? | 1. Directs immediate responses to stimuli by coordinating actions of other organ systems |
| What are the major functions of the endocrine system? | 1. Directs long-term changes in other organ systems |
| What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system? | 1. Transports cells and dissolved materials such as nutrients, gases, and wastes through the bloodstream |
| What are the major functions of the lymphatic system? | 1. Defends against infection and disease 2. Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream |
| What are the major functions of the respiratory system? | 1. Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs 2. Produces sound |
| What are the major functions of the urinary system? | 1. Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes 1. Controls pH balance |
| What are the major functions of the reproductive system? | 1. Produces sex cells and hormones 2. Supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth |
| What three components are needed for homeostatic regulation? | 1. A receptor to sense environmental change 2. A control center to receive and process information from the receptor 3. An effector that responds to commands from the control center and implements change |
| What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? | Negative changes a stimulus that needs changing while positive feedback accelerates a process to completion |
| What is cellular differentiation? | The process by which a single cell can split into more different and specialized cells |
| What is the biggest cause of cell death? | Loss of homeostasis |
| What does a peroxisome do? | 1. Breaks down organic compounds 2. Neutralizes toxic compounds |
| What does a lysosome do? | 1. Uses its digestive juice to surround and dissolve damaged organelles and pathogens |
| What do microvilli do? | 1. Extend the membrane surface to absorb more extracellular materials |
| What does the golgi apparatus do? | 1. Stores, altars, and packages synthesized products |
| What does the nucleus do? | 1. Controls metabolism 2. Processes genetic information 3. Controls protein synthesis |
| What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do? | 1. Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates |
| What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do? | 1. Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins |
| What do ribosomes do? | 1. Protein synthesis |
| WHAT IS THE MITOCHONDRIA? | THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL! |
| What does the cytoskeleton do? | 1. Strengthens and supports cell 2. Aids in movement of cellular structures and materials |
| What is the plasma membrane? | A semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cell and controls the entry of ions and nutrients and the release of secretions |
| What are anchoring proteins? | Stabilize the cell by anchoring the plasma membrane to other structures and binding to the cytoskeleton |
| What are recognition proteins? | Proteins detected by cells of the immune system |
| What are enzymes? | Integral or peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane |
| What are receptor proteins? | They bind to ligands to affect the cell's activity |
| What are channels? | Integral proteins with a central pore that permits the passage of water and small solutes |
| What is a cellular mutation? | Permanent changes in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes |
| DNA: | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| RNA: | Ribonucleic Acid |
| What is a nucleotide? | A small, repeating molecular unit found in DNA |
| What makes up nucleotides? | 5 Carbon sugar molecules, a phosphate group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases |
| What are the nitrogen bases? | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine |
| What do the nitrogen bases do? | They connect to their chemical opposite (Adenine to thymine, Cytosine to Guanine) |
| What is the difference between RNA and DNA? | 1. RNA is a single-stranded molecule while DNA has a double helix 2. The sugar in RNA is ribose which has one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose 3. RNA has a uracil base instead of thymine |
| What does the enzyme Helicase do? | It unzips your genes, so that the two strands can be used to create two double helixes |
| What does the RNA Primase do? | Lays down opposite nitrogen bases on the unzipped genes |
| What is transcription? | It is the process by which genetic instructions on a strand of RNA are encoded |
| What is translation? | The process by which polypeptides are built as directed by a strand of messenger RNA |
| What is diffusion? | Passive movement driven by a concentration gradient |
| What influences the rate of diffusion? | 1. Distance 2. Molecule or ion size 3. Temperature 4. Concentration gradient 5. Electrical forces |
| What is osmosis? | Diffusion... but with water |
| What is osmotic flow? | The movement of water driven by initial differences in solute concentration |
| What is osmotic pressure? | An indication of the force with which pure water moves into that solution as a result of the solute concentration |
| What is hydrostatic pressure? | Generated by pushing against a fluid |
| What is osmolarity (osmotic concentration)? What is it also called? | The total solute concentration in a solution made of water. Tonicity. |
| What is an isotonic solution? | Does not cause an osmotic flow |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | Causes water to flow into the cell, causing the cell to swell and burst |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | Causes water to flow out of the cell, which then shrinks and dehydrates |
| What is hemolysis? | The swelling and eventual bursting of red blood cells when placed in a hypotonic solution |
| What is crenation? | The shrinking of a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution? |
| What is carrier-mediated transport? | The carrier-mediated transport of nutrients that are too large to fit in the membrane channels |
| What kind of proteins transport nutrients in carrier-mediated transport? | Carrier proteins |
| What is cotransport? | The transport of more than one substance in the same direction |
| What is countertransport? | The transport of more than one substance in opposite directions |
| What kind of carrier protein assists in countertransport? | Exchange pump |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Nutrients are passively transported with the help of carrier proteins, but no expenditure of ATP |
| What is active transport? | Energy is provided by ATP to ion pumps, which transport substances such as sodium and potassium |
| What is secondary active transport? | The movement of nutrients through ion pumps that does not require ATP during transport because it follows the concentration gradient, but loses ATP with the loss of glucose molecules |
| What is vesicular transport? | Transport of nutrients using vesicles known as endosomes |
| What is endocytosis? | Vesicular transport which imports extracellular substances through vesicle formation on the cell surface |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | The process by which receptors bind to ligands, enter the membrane in pockets, and release them into the cell's cytoplasm |
| What is pinocytosis? | The formation of endosomes filled with extracellular fluid |
| What is phagocytosis? | The production of phagosomes, solid objects, by specialized cells |
| What is exocytosis? | A vesicle that collects wastes and secretory products and expels them outside the cell |
| What are osteocytes? | Cells that support bone |
| What are osteoblasts? | Cells in a nucleus that build bone |
| What are the four types of connective tissue? | 1. Cartilage 2. Bone/blood 3. Fat 4. Ligaments |
| What are the three types of bonds? | 1. Covalent 2. Hydrogen 3. Ionic |
| What is metastasis? | Tumor growth is accelerated by the growth of blood vessels caused by abnormally-dividing cells releasing nutrients |
| What is a neoplasm? | A tumor |
| What are the four stages of interphase? | 1. G0 2. G1 3. S 4. G2 |
| What are the four stages of mitosis? | 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
| What happens during prophase? | Two chromatids are paired and connected at the centromere. A kinetochore attaches the chromatids to the spindle fibers |
| What happens during metaphase? | Chromatids move to a narrow central zone called the metaphase plate |
| What is anaphase? | The centromere and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the mitotic spindle |
| What is telophase? | The nuclear envelope and nuclei reform and chromosomes uncoil to the chromatin state |
| During what phase of Interphase is the DNA replicated? | The S Phase |
| What is cytokinesis? | Begins with the formation of the cleavage furrow during anaphase and continues until the end of cell division |
| What phase of Interphase is the most varied time-wise? What happens during this stage? | G0. Cells perform normal cellular functions |
| During what phase of Interphase is DNA replicated and histones synthesized? | The S Phase |
| What's the difference between membranous and nonmembranous organelles? | Membranous organelles are completely isolated, while nonmembranous organelles can have contact with the cytoplasm |
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