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Test #1
Chapter 2 and 3
| Monosaccharides | single unit, simple sugar ex: glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides | formed by covalent bonding of two monosaccharides ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Polysaccarides | formed by covalent bonding of several monosaccharides ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| Glycogen | a polysaccharides found in animal cells |
| Starch | found in plants |
| Cellulose | found in plants, humans are unable to absorb and digest it |
| What is composed of primarily hydrogen and carbon atoms? | lipids |
| What compose triglycerides? | glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| What are saturated fatty acids? | contain carbons linked only by single bonds |
| What are unsaturated fatty acids? | contain one or more pairs of carbon linked by double bonds |
| What are polyunsaturated fatty acids? | contain more than one double-bonded pair of carbons |
| What compose phospholipids? | 1 glycerol (backbone), 2 fatty acids (tail, nonpolar & hydrophobic), & a hydrophilic polar head |
| What are the functions of phospholipids? | major compound for plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer and micelles |
| What is amphipathic property of a compound? | polar regions face the water, non polar regions face each other |
| Steroids | sex hormones: testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol |
| What is the precursor of steroids? | cholesterol |
| What are the basic structures of an amino acid? | central carbon is bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R group |
| How does each amino acid differ? | in characteristics of the R grouop |
| 4 Levels of protein | Primary-sequence of amino acids Secondary-hydrogen bonding between amino hydrogen of 1 amino acid & carboxyl oxygen of another Tertiary-formation of bends & loops in polypeptide chain Quaternary-formation of proteins w/ more than 1 polypeptide chain |
| What are the 2 most common types of protein of the second level? | Alpha helixes & Beta pleated sheets |
| What are components of a nucleotide? | phosphate group, 5-carbon carbohydrate, base-containing carbon- nitrogen ring |
| DNA | Stores genetic code, cells nucleus, double-stranded, Base: A,G,C,T |
| RNA | Needed for expression of genetic code, single-stranded, located in cell's nucleus and cytoplasm, Base: A,G,C,U |
| What is the law of complementary base pairing? | G-C A-T/U |
| Genes | portions of DNA that code for a particular protein or proteins; only one sense strand contains the actual code |
| Triplets | the three-base sequence that code for amino acid |
| Codons | transcribed mRNA codons are complementary to the code in DNA triplets |
| What is transcription? | process in which RNA is synthesized using information contained in the DNA, DNA -> RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) |
| Where does transcription occur? | occurs in the cell's nucleus |
| What would happen in the post- transcriptional processing? | 1: removal if introns, sliding together of exons 2: addition of CAP to 5' end 3: adding poly A tail to 3' end |
| What is translation? | process in which polypeptides are synthesized using mRNA codons as a temple for the assembly of the correct amino acids along the sequence |
| What does the initiator codon, that originates translation, codes for? | methionine (AUG) |
| Where does translation occur? | cytoplasm |
| Condensation | joining together 2 or more smaller molecules to form a larger one, water is generated as a product |
| Hydrolysis | water reacts with molecules, causing breakage of the bonds that link a molecule together |
| Oxidation | removal of electrons (or H) from any molecules; reaction of any molecule w/ oxygen |
| Reduction | addition of electrons (or H) to a molecule |
| Phosphorylation | addition of phosphate group |
| Dephosphorylation | removal of a phosphate group |
| What can affect reaction rates and how? | [E] & [S], activation energy barrier, affinity, temp., & pH |
| Enzyme | proteins that function as catalysts for reactions in biological systems |
| An enzyme doesn't affect what? | direction of a reaction, the energy released in a reaction, and the products of a reaction |
| What does an enzyme affect? | the rate of a reaction |
| What is a cofactor? | ions, metals, inorganic |
| What is the function of a cofactor? | share change for the reaction to occur, allow the substance to bind to the active site |
| What is coenzyme? | organic molecules derived from vitamins that transfer chemical groups during chemical reactions |
| What is the function of a coenzyme? | transfer small chemical groups |
| What is enzyme saturation? | the point at which, the rate of reaction reaches maximum with no further increase at a particular substrate concentration |
| Allosteric regulation | regulatory mechanism in which a modulator binds reversibly to the regulatory site on an enzyme, including a change in its conformation and activity |
| Covalent regulation | regulatory mechanism in which changes in an enzyme's activity are brought about by the covalent bonding of a specific chemical group to a site on the enzyme molecule, usually involves bonding of a phosphate group |
| Feedback Inhibition | regulatory mechanism in which an enzyme in a metabolic pathway is inhibited by an intermediate appearing downstream |
| What is the most important energy-transferring compound cells? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytoplasm |
| How many ATP molecules are produced (net) in glycolysis? | 2 ATP molecules |
| glycolysis: the final products with available oxygen | final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions/with available oxygen is pyruvate. 2 pyruvate Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA |
| glycolysis: the final products with limited oxygen | With limited available oxygen: Pyruvate + NADH + H+ -> lactate + NAD+ Under anaerobic conditions,pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol |
| Where does the Krebs cycle take place? | mitochondrial matrix |
| Krebs cycle: its initial substrate | Acetyl CoA |
| Krebs cycle: its production (NADH, FADH2, ATP directly, CO2, H2O) in one cycle | 1 ATP, 3 NADH + 3 H+, 2 CO2, 1 FADH2 |
| Krebs cycle: its significant in terms of energy production. | reduces the coenzymes NAD and FAD for oxidative phosphorylation |
| Electron transport chain: location | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Electron transport chain: hydrogen ions movement | Electrons are carried from complex I to III by coenzyme Q, from III to IV by cytochrome C. Released energy is used to transport H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against their concentration gradient |
| electron transport chain: ATP synthase | -H+ then flow in the opposite direction (down their concentration gradient) through the enzyme ATP synthase, in the process releasing energy to synthesize ATP. -NADH -> 3 ATP; FADH -> 2 ATP |
| What happens each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain is produced? | Energy is RELEASED each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain |
| What is the first electron acceptor for an NADH and a FADH? | flavine mononucleotide (FMN)is the first component of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from an NADH molecule. FADH2 donates its electrons to coenzyme Q which at a point down stream |
| What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain? | last electron acceptor= O2 |
| Hydrogen ions activate the enzyme ATP synthase by moving from ____ to _____ | down their concentration gradient through the enzyme |
| Glycogenesis | synthesis of glycogen from glucose monomers |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose monomers |
| Gluconeogenesis | process during which new glucose molecules can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors by the liver |
| lipolysis | first stage of lipid breakdown, in regard to triglycerides, separation of the fatty acids from the glycerol backbone |
| Lipogenesis | process by which fat is synthesized from nonlipid nutrients, such as proteins and carbohydrates |
| How many ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule? | |
| what compound would pyruvate converted to in the low oxygen supply |
Created by:
_melgozacaroo15
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