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Physiology & Fluid D
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much blood is in 1 pump of the heart? | 70 ml |
| What happens in the beginning of cardiac contraction? | Pressure in left ventricle rises Exceeds aorta Aortic valve opens Blood is ejected No rises |
| What is stroke volume? | Amount of blood ejected from heart |
| What happens when the heart rate increases? | Increases blood volume |
| What type is energy is the heart generating pressure to move blood? | |
| Potential Energy | |
| The stroke volume creates what? | A pressure wave that travels throughout the arterial system |
| What changes to the wave as the wave moves through the arterial system? | Propagation speed Shape Strength |
| What is the route of the blood from the heart? | |
| Left ventricle to aorta Aorta to large arteries Large arteries to arterioles Arterioles to capillaries Capillaries to venules Venules to large veins Large veins to vena cava Vena cava to right atrium | |
| What is propagation speed also know as? | Pulse wave velocity |
| As arterial pressure wave moves away from the heart, what happens to the pulse wave velocity? | Increases with growing stiffness of arterial wall |
| What is necessary to maintain blood flow? | Pressure gradient |
| What governs the amount of blood flow that enters the arterial system? | Cardiac output |
| What determines the volume of blood that leaves the arterial system? | Arterial pressure Total peripheral resistance |
| What controls the peripheral resistance? | Level of vasoconstriction in microcirculation |
| What produces the arterial reservoir? | Energy created from left ventricular contraction that results in distention of arteries |
| Where is pressure at it greatest? | Heart |
| What occurs to the pressure as it moves more distally? | Decreases |
| Pressure difference is also known as? | Pressure gradient |
| What are the 2 requirements for the movement of fluid to move between 2 points? | 1. A route 2. Difference in pressure levels between the 2 points |
| The volume of flow depends on what? | The difference in pressure (energy) between the 2 points |
| If you have high resistance, what occurs to flow rate and energy difference? | High resistance = 1. Low flow rate 2. Lower the pressure difference |
| Total energy of moving fluid is the sum of what? | Pressure energy Gravitational energy Kinetic energy |
| What is the main form of energy in flowing blood? | Pressure energy |
| What is kinetic energy? | Ability of flowing blood to do work as result of its velocity |
| Kinetic energy is proportional to what? | |
| Density of blood | |
| What kind of energy is noted as "water behind the dam"? | Potential energy |
| What is gravitational energy also known as? | Hydrostatic pressure |
| What is hydrostatic pressure measured in? | mmHg |
| What does the "height of the dam" represent in energy? | |
| What is the tendency of objects to maintain their status quo with regard to motion | Inertia |
| What does blood lose energy in the form of? | Heat |
| What are small circular currents or swirling patterns of rotational flow? | Eddy currents Vortices |
| What is the acceleration phase of the pulse? | Early systole to peak systole |
| Where is the greatest amount of energy produced in the pulse? | Peak systole |
| What is the deceleration phase of the pulse? | Late systole to early diastole |
| During deceleration phase, what happens to cardiac output and pressure? | |
| What is laminar flow? | Blood moves in stable concentric thin layers with slowest flow at walls and faster flow in center |
| Which type of flow is represented as a "bullet" shape? | Parabolic flow |
| Parabolic flow Plug flow | |
| If the fluid is in a long conduit, what happens to fluid? | The fluid is in contact longer with the conduit requiring a higher pressure to maintain flow |
| At origins of vessels | |
| What has an effect on resistance? | Viscosity Vessel length Vessel diameter |
| 1. Fluid 2 Interaction between conduit and fluid | |
| What is flow resistance equation? | R=8nL/(pie)rð¼2 Overflow flow resistance = 8(viscosity)(length)/3.1416 (radius to the 2nd power) |
| Thickness of the blood | |
| What cause energy loss in flowing blood? | Friction |
| Decreases - less freely movable, slowing blood flow | |
| What does the dimensions of blood vessels determine? | Smaller the vessel Greater the friction Greater resistance |
| What is the most dramatic effect on resistance? | |
| What does Poiseuille law defines? | Relationship between volume flow, pressure and resistance |
| What is Poiseuille Law equation? | |
| If the radius of the vessel increases what happens to flow? | If Radius increases: Flow rate increases because more room Resistance decreases more open area Velocity decreases |
| How is velocity related to radius of vessel? | Velocity is inversely proportional to radius |
| Density of blood | |
| What happens to the flow when the flow volume increases too far? | Flow disturbance increases forming eddy currents |
| Gravitational energy | |
| Cardiac output decreases to the point at which outflow through high resistance vessels exceeds the volume ejected from heart | |
| What are the 2 types of laminar flow? | |
| Whwre does plug flow occur? | |
| What does the movement of fluid depend on? | |
| How is friction generated by? | |
| Velocity*denisty*2*radius/viscosity Vp2r/n | Reynolds number |
| Radius of vessel | |
| Q=(P1-P2) (pie)(rð¼2)/8nL | |
| What happens when Reynolds number exceeds 2000? | Laminar flow becomes disturbed |
| What principle shows pressure/velocity relationship? | Bernoulli principle |
| What is the pressure and velocity like in a stenotic segment? | Pressure decreases Velocity increases |
| Velocity and pressure inversely related | |
| What is the Bernoulli principle? | |
| What happens to potential and kinetic energy proximal to stenosis? | Potential energy is higher Kinetic energy is lower Total energy sum is highest |
| What changes the flow separation in a vessel? | Changes in vessel geometry Direction of vessel |
| What describes pressure gradients? | Flow seperations |
| What occurs to energy distal to a stenosis? | |
| What occurs during systole and diastole on color flow box at site of flow seperation? | Systole- flow reversal Diastole- no color flow |
| Differences in pressure between 2 points in a vessel | |
| High pressure energy Low velocity | |
| How do you determine whether you are in systole or diastole with color flow? | Look for flow separation areas |
| Steady flow- steady driving pressure Pulsatile flow- changes in driving pressure | |
| Higher pressure energy Lower kinetic energy Highest total sum energy | |
| What is pressure gradients | |
| What occurs in pressure energy and velocity to show a flow seperation? | |
| What is the difference between steady and pulsatile flow? | |
| What happens to pulsatile flow during early systole? | |
| Forward flow through system Aorta distance and potential energy is stored | |
| What happens at the end of systole? | |
| Aortic valve closes and maximum ventricular contraction | |
| Diastolic flow reversal is a hallmark for vessels that? | Supply high resistance vascular bed |
| What are some vessels that are low resistive flow? | ICA Vertebral Renal Celiac Splenic Hepatic |
| Describe high resistance flow? | Pulsatile flow in nature |
| What vessels are high resistive flow? | Aorta ECA Subclavian Iliac Extremity Fasting SMA |
| Describe low resistance flow? | Continuous (Steady) nature throughout systole and diastole |
| What does a triphasic/biphasic doppler signal become monophasic proximal to stenosis? | Increased resistance in the stenotic vessel segment |
| What are the 3 doppler signal displays? | Triphasic Biphasic Monophasic |
| What disappears in the doppler signal display distal to a stenosis? | Reversal flow |
Created by:
krwcaw01
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