The proportion of that form of the gene in the gene pool. Calculated as: number of that allele ÷ total number of all alleles for that gene in the gene pool.

A reduction in genetic diversity when a population is reduced to a small number individuals. It is chance which survive.

The genetic pattern in which both alleles are separately expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals (e.g. two different colours).

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Random changes to a gene pool resulting from a few individuals establishing a new population.

A mutation occurring in a sex cell (sperm or egg). This means it can be passed on to the next generation.

The range of all the alleles in a population; the greater the number of different alleles present, the greater this is.

The change in allele frequencies in populations due to chance events (not selection). It may include the loss of alleles from a gene pool. The effects are greatest in small populations.

The genetic pattern in which the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes (e.g. pink vs red & white).

independent assortment

The order in which a chromosome pair lines up during meiosis is not affected by the order in which any other pair lines up. Each pair is ‘sorted’ separately into gametes.

This is when a mutation results in a non-functional version of an essential protein. The individual may not survive to be born.

When the alleles for two different genes are located on the same chromosome. This means they are inherited together (unless they are separated by crossing over).

Cell division which results in the production of gametes, which are haploid.

The movement of individuals, and therefore the transfer of their alleles, from one population to another.

These are genes for which more than two different alleles exist. e.g. human blood groups, in which there is an A, B and O allele.

A sudden, permanent change in the DNA sequence of an individual. This is the only source of new alleles.

Individuals in a population which are best suited to the conditions leave the most offspring. This changes the allele frequencies in the gene pool.

The separation, during meiosis, of the two alleles which an individual has for a gene.

A mutation occurring in any cell of the body other than the gametes. It cannot be passed on to the next generation.

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L2 Gen Var TOP 20

NCEA Level 2 Biology Genetic Variation and Change

Term	Definition
allele frequency	The proportion of that form of the gene in the gene pool. Calculated as: number of that allele ÷ total number of all alleles for that gene in the gene pool.
bottleneck effect	A reduction in genetic diversity when a population is reduced to a small number individuals. It is chance which survive.
codominance	The genetic pattern in which both alleles are separately expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals (e.g. two different colours).
crossing over	The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
founder effect	Random changes to a gene pool resulting from a few individuals establishing a new population.
gametic mutation	A mutation occurring in a sex cell (sperm or egg). This means it can be passed on to the next generation.
genetic variation	The range of all the alleles in a population; the greater the number of different alleles present, the greater this is.
genetic drift	The change in allele frequencies in populations due to chance events (not selection). It may include the loss of alleles from a gene pool. The effects are greatest in small populations.
incomplete dominance	The genetic pattern in which the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes (e.g. pink vs red & white).
independent assortment	The order in which a chromosome pair lines up during meiosis is not affected by the order in which any other pair lines up. Each pair is ‘sorted’ separately into gametes.
lethal alleles	This is when a mutation results in a non-functional version of an essential protein. The individual may not survive to be born.
linked genes	When the alleles for two different genes are located on the same chromosome. This means they are inherited together (unless they are separated by crossing over).
meiosis	Cell division which results in the production of gametes, which are haploid.
migration	The movement of individuals, and therefore the transfer of their alleles, from one population to another.
multiple alleles	These are genes for which more than two different alleles exist. e.g. human blood groups, in which there is an A, B and O allele.
mutation	A sudden, permanent change in the DNA sequence of an individual. This is the only source of new alleles.
natural selection	Individuals in a population which are best suited to the conditions leave the most offspring. This changes the allele frequencies in the gene pool.
segregation	The separation, during meiosis, of the two alleles which an individual has for a gene.
somatic mutation	A mutation occurring in any cell of the body other than the gametes. It cannot be passed on to the next generation.

Created by: nztcowen

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