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Human Bio chapt 15
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Signaling Molecules: | any chemical released by one cell that acts upon another cell (target cell). May or may not effect activity or be adjacent. |
| Neurotransmitters: | Released by axon endings of neurons; have immediate effect adjacent cell across synaptic cleft. |
| Local signaling molecules: | released by many types of cell; have effect on immediate area e.g. prostaglandins |
| Hormones: | secreted by the endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons: travel via blood stream to distant cells |
| Pheromones: | released to the outside of the body, have effect on those of the same species |
| Opposing Interaction: | when the effect of one hormone opposes the effect of another ex: insulin and glucogen |
| Synergistic interaction: | the sum total of actions of 2 or more hormones is required to produce the desired effect ex: milk production |
| Permissive interactions: | when target cells must be primed by one hormone in order to be effected by another. |
| Endocrine organs: | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries, testes. |
| Posterior pituitary: | Hormones: ADH and oxytocin Primary action(PA): H2O reabsorption and consevation, induces milk movement into ducts and uterine contractions |
| Anterior pituitary: | Hormones: trophic hormones, PRL, and GH PA:stimulates release of adrenal steroid and thyroid hormones; gamete formation; ovulation; sperm release; milk production; promotes growth |
| Pancreatic islets: | Hormones: insulin and glocagon PA: lowers and raises blood sugar level |
| Adrenal cortex: | Hormones: Glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids PA: promotes protein breakdown and conversion to glucose; promotes Na reabsorption, balance |
| Adrenal medulla: | Hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine PA: raises blood sugar and fatty acid levels; increase heart rate and contractions; constriction or dilation of vessels |
| Thyroid: | Hormones: thyroxine and calcitonin PA: regulates metabolism and growth and development; lowers blood Ca level |
| Parathyroid: | Hormones: PTH PA: raises blood Ca levels |
| Thymus: | Hormones: thymosins PA: immune response |
| Pineal: | Hormones: melatonin PA: daily biorhythms |
| Steroid hormones: | synthesized by cholestrol, can readily diffuse through cell membrane and bind to internal receptor |
| Ways of binding for steroids with the cell receptor: | diffuse into cell nucleus; bind w/ receptor in cytoplasm then into the nucleus; interact with specific segment of call DNA and trigger protein synthesis or shut it off. |
| Ways the hypothalamic neurons release hormones: | neurons synthesize ADH and oxtocin, release them from axon endings in posterior pituitary lobe; neurons synthesize inhibiting hormones which target anterior pituitary lobe. |
| Posterior pituitary lobe: | nervous tissue extension of the hypothalamus |
| Anterior pituitary lobe: | glandular tissue that respond to releasing/inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus |
Created by:
taylorvv
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