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Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exocrine glands | produce nonhormonal substances, such as sweat and saliva, and have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface |
| Endocrine glands | also called ductless glands, produce hormones and lack ducts. |
| The endocrine glands include the | pitutitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. |
| Autocrines | chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secret them. |
| Paracrines | act locally (within the same tissue) but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals. |
| Target cells | A hormone influences the activity of only those tissue cells that have receptors for it |
| Water-soluble hormone | (all amino acid-based hormones except thyriod hormone) act on receptors in the plasma membrane. |
| Lipid-soluble hormones | (steroid and thryoid hormones) act on receptors inside the cell, which directly activate genes. |
| Negative feedback mechanism | occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances. |
| Up-regulation | low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form additional receptors for that hormone |
| Down-regulation | desensitizes the target cells so they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulation, preventing them from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. |
| Permissiveness | is the situation in which one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present |
| Synergism | occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects as the target cell and their combined effects are amplified |
| Antagonism | occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyroid-releasing hormon (TRH); target is thyroid gland. It stimulates the secretion of thryoid hormones |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); targets ovaries and testes (gonads). Females-stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production. Males-stimulates sperm production |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Females-triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production production of estrogen and progesterone. Males-stimulates testosterone production |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Targets adrenal cortex. Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens |
| Growth hormone (GH) | Targets liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage. Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Stimulates milk production (lactation) |
| Oxytocin | Nerve impulses from hypothalamus neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretch or suckling of an infant. Targets uterus and mammary glands. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume. Targets kidneys |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | low levels of calcium in the blood. Targets bones and kidneys. |
| Positive Feedback mechanism | The output results moves in the same direction as the initial response. The response enhances the original stimulus so the response is accelerated |
| Plasma | the colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended |
| Water, Salts, plasma proteins, Electrolytes | Whats in plasma |
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