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Biology Exam
Chapter 11, 13 & 14.1, 18 & 25, 27, 28, and 29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The different forms of a gene are called | alleles. |
| Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to | control crosses between plants. |
| When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited | one allele from each parent. |
| If a pea plant's alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents? | Both parents contributed a recessive allele. |
| When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? | 1/2 |
| The principles of probability can be used to | predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses. |
| Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be | homozygous. |
| What principle states during gamete formation genes different traits separate without influencing each other's inheritance? | principle of independent assortment |
| Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to | all organisms. |
| Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan use fruit flies in his studies? | Fruit Flies produce a large number of offspring. |
| Roan cattle show codominance for the color of their hair, are alleles for red&white hair. Heterozygous bull incomp. dom. . | It would be pink. |
| A breed of chicken shows codominance for feather color. 1 Allele codes for black, other codes for white. heterozygous chicken | speckled. |
| Variation in human skin color is an example of | polygenic traits. |
| What determines the color of western white butterflies? | temperature and genes |
| The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol | N. |
| If an organism's diploid number is 12, its haploid number is | 6. |
| Gametes have | one allele for each gene. |
| Gametes are produced by the process of | meiosis. |
| A tetrad consists of | a homologous pair of chromosomes, each made of two chromatids. |
| What is formed at the end of meiosis? | four genetically different cells |
| One way that meiosis I is different from mitosis is that | meiosis I produces 2 haploid daughter cells, but mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells. |
| Linked genes | are on the same chromosome. |
| The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the | less likely they are to be inherited together. |
| A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F1 plant will be tall is | 50% |
| Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are | incomplete dominance. |
| Which of the following supports the claim that the environment can affect genetic traits? | Hydrangea flower color varies with soil pH. |
| Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of______________. | gametes |
| An organism has 38 chromosomes in a body cell. After mitosis each cell has 38 chromosomes. After meiosis each has __ chrom. | 19 |
| The principle of independent assortment states that _____ for different traits can segregate independently during formation. | genes |
| ______'s principles can be used to study heredity in dogs, cats, and sheep. | Mendel |
| The reddish-brown pigment that gives color to a fruit-fly's eye is controlled by 3 genes, so a fruit fly's eye color is a _____ _______. | polygenic trait |
| In four o'clock plants, flower color is controlled by two alleles that show ________ __________. | incomplete dominance |
| An organism's gametes have ____ the number of chromosomes found in the organism's body cells. | half |
| Crossing-over occurs during the stage of meiosis called_______________. | prophase I |
| What characteristics of pea plants and fruit flies make them good organisms to use for the study of genetics? | They both produce "offspring" quickly and produce a large number of them and have a short lifespan. |
| Probability of cross between 2 homozygous recessive trait offspring will have homozygous recessive? | 100% |
| How many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell? | two |
| What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis? | they cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| What are the only kinds of cells that undergo meiosis? | sex cells or gametes |
| RNA contains the sugar | ribose. |
| Unlike DNA, RNA contains | uracil. |
| Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA? | phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine |
| Which of the following is true? | RNA is usually single-stranded. |
| Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell? | mRNA |
| What is produced during transcription? | RNA molecules |
| How many nucleotides are needed to specify one amino acid? | 3 |
| What happens during translation? | The cell uses a messenger RNA code to make proteins. |
| Genes contain instructions for assembling | proteins. |
| Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms? | DNA to RNA to protein |
| In eukaryotes | Transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation takes place in the cytoplasm. |
| A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called | a point mutation. |
| Which of the following is a chromosomal mutation? | inversion |
| One difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation is that | A chromosomal mutation can change the number of chromosomes in a cell. |
| Human females produce egg cells that have | one X chromosome. |
| What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome? | 50% |
| How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? | 46 |
| Sex-linked genes are located on | both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. |
| Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because the allele for colorblindness is | recessive and located on the X chromosome. |
| Human males have | one X and one Y chromosomes. |
| What are the three main parts that make up an RNA nucleotide? | ribose, sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Why are all X-linked alleles expressed in males, even if they are recessive? | Because women have two X chromosomes, so one shuts off, but since males only have one it's mostly affective to them. |
| In RNA, __________ is the sugar in the nucleotide. | Ribose |
| The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________ in proteins. | Amino Acids |
| The codon that signals the end of a growing polypeptide is called a(an)__________. | stop |
| the tRNA bases called the_________________ are complementary to three consecutive nucleotides on an mRNA molecule. | Anti codon |
| Insertions and deletions that change the entire genetic message that comes after the mutation are called____________. | Frameshift |
| In humans, sex is determined by the X and ___ chromosome. | Y |
| One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they | can apply to more than one animal. |
| One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as | binomial nomenclature. |
| To be useful, a scientific name has to refer to | a single species. |
| A genus is composed of a number of similar | species. |
| Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class | Mammalia. |
| What do all organisms have in common? | They all use DNA to pass on information. |
| Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin? | Fungi |
| The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is | Archaea |
| A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles is | eukaryotic. |
| Organisms that must obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms are | heterotrophic. |
| Student looks at slice of tissue on an unlabeled microscope slide. The student concludes that it isn't from an animal, tissue has? | cell walls |
| Animals have an excretory system that eliminates which type of wastes? | ammonia |
| Homeostasis is a | stable internal environment. |
| Which cordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cat? | a tail that extends beyond the anus |
| All animals eat to obtain | nutrients. |
| Animals have nervous systems that | gather information. |
| The skeleton of a vertebrate is | internal and made of bones. |
| One advantage of asexual reproduction is that animals can | increase their numbers rapidly. |
| The presence of legs or other limbs indicates that the animal is | segmented. |
| In an animal that is bilaterally symmetrical, which two halves mirror each other? | the left and right sides |
| An animal that has body parts that extend outward from its center shows | radial symmetry. |
| Which of the following is a fertilized egg? | a zygote |
| Most mutations | have no effect on an organism. |
| How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? | 46 |
| Animal bodies are_________________, which means that they are composed of many cells. | multicellular |
| All animal cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound ________________. | organelles |
| Animals with backbones are called____________. | vertebrates |
| The essential functions of an animal are necessary to maintain __________________. | homeostasis |
| Sexual reproduction helps maintain________________ diversity in population. | genetic |
| A flexible, supporting structure found only in chordates is the | notochord. |
| Aquatic animals that strain floating plants and animals from the water that they live in are | filter feeders. |
| A parasite is a type of | symbiont. |
| Some mollusks are detritivores. Their main source of food comes from | decaying plant and animal remains. |
| Intracellular digestion occurs when food is digested | inside specialized cells. |
| Carnivores have teeth that are designed to | slice. |
| A side-to-side movement of the jaws would be most useful in an animal that eats | grass. |
| Gases diffuse most efficiently across a | thin, moist, selectively permeable membrane. |
| Which of the following statements is true about gas diffusion across respiratory membranes? | Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
| By pumping water over their gills, fish and aquatic mollusks | promote diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| Which of the following aquatic animals uses lungs to breathe? | dolphins |
| In what way does living on land present a challenge to terrestrial animal? | They must keep their respiratory membranes moist, even in dry environment. |
| A closed circulatory system is one in which | blood flows through a system of blood vessels throughout the body. |
| Why is double-loop circulation better for larger, more active animals than single-loop? | It is difficult for single pump to force blood through the entire system of a large animal. |
| Excretion is the process of | removing metabolic wastes from the body. |
| Kidneys that can conserve water are essential to homeostasis because | some animals live in dry or salty environment. |
| THe white paste that birds excrete is | uric acid. |
| Butterflies and house flies convert ammonia to uric acid in their | Malpighian tubules. |
| Several different classes make up a | phylum. |
| Muscles work together with a support structure called a | skeleton. |
| All______________ have hair, four-chambered hearts, and regulate their internal body temperature. | mammals |
| Primates can display more complex behaviors than many other mammals because their brains have a well-developed__________. | cerebrum |
| Animals that "chew their cud" most likely have a _____________, or similar specialized organ as part of their digestive tract. | rumen |
| _________ are structures that allow gas exchange between an animal's blood and water. | gills |
| Sea turtles must come to the surface regularly to breathe because they rely on______ for gas exchange. | lungs |
| Annelids have a(an)_________ circulatory system, in which blood is contained in a network of blood vessels. | closed |
| The___________ is the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body. | atria |
| ___________ is a nitrogenous waste that animals must either eliminate immediately or convert to a less-toxic compound. | ammonia |
| Information in the environment that causes an animal to react is | a stimulus. |
| The part of your brain that is responsible for you responding to this question is the | cerebrum. |
| The part of the vertebrate nervous system that connects the brain and the rest of the body is called the | spinal cord. |
| What does molting enable arthropods to do? | to grow |
| Which of the following characteristics is associated only with an endoskeleton? | It grows with the animal. |
| The hydrostatic skeleton of a cnidarian depends on which feature in order to support the animal? | gastrovascular cavity |
| Joints are a critical feature of both endoskeletons and exoskeletons because | joints provide flexibility and freedom of movement. |
| A tendon is a tough piece of connective tissue that | connects muscles to bones. |
| Gametes are formed by | meiosis. |
| Which conditions would be the most favorable for an organism that reproduces asexually? | relatively constant environmental conditions |
| A land snail is an animal that can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. This animal | is a hermaphrodite. |
| Which of the following groups of animals only uses internal fertilization? | mammals |
| Synchronizing gamete release during external fertilization increases the chance that | eggs will be fertilized. |
| The difference between an oviparous and ovoviviparous species is that | only ovoviviparous embryos can hatch within the mothers' bodies. |
| The mammals whose offspring are little more than embryos are | marsupials. |
| The shells of amniotic eggs of birds, reptiles, and egg-laying mammals all share which of the following characteristics? | They are waterproof. |
| Endocrine glands are responsible for | regulating body activities. |
| An animal's immune system must be able to tell the difference between | body cells and pathogens. |
| The endocrine system relies on which of the following body systems to communicate with the other systems in the body? | circulatory system |
| One advantage to being an ectotherm is that an ectotherm | needs less energy to maintain homeostasis. |
| An endotherm is an animal that | regulates its body temperature partly by generating its own body heat. |
| An animal's _____________ system detects stimuli, processes information, and coordinates the animal's response. | nervous |
| A DNA test that shows an offspring's DNA comes from two parents indicates that the offspring was produced by____________. | sexual reproduction. |
| Salmon reproduce by__________ fertilization, cuz female salmon releases eggs onto riverbed before male covers w/ sperm. | external |
| A marsupial is a _____________ species because it gives birth to live young that obtained nutrients from mom's body before birth. | placental |
| An immature grasshopper resembles an adult grasshopper but doesn't have wings. Grasshoppers undergo_________ metamor.. | incomplete |
| An organism is able to survive because its systems work together to maintain ______________. | homeostasis. |
| Which of the following behaviors isn't necessary for an animal to reproduce? | being brightly colored |
| The terms "inborn behavior" and "instinct" have the same meaning as | innate behavior. |
| In winter, bears settle into dens and enter a sleep like state that lats until spring. This state is called | hibernation. |
| people first move into apartment near railroad tracks, are awakened each time they hear train. response = habituation? | People begin to sleep through sound of the train over the next few nights. |
| When you use knowledge and experience to figure out why a lamp in your house won't turn on, you use | insight learning. |
| Certain behaviors are innate in animals because they are essential for | survival immediately after birth. |
| cat species mark territories by rubbing glands on their faces against a surface such as tree trunk. Form of comm. relies on a | chemical messenger. |
| During migration, animals undertake a | seasonal movement. |
| What = best way for animal 2 communicate ownership of area's resources to others that visit area when owner isn't around? | leave chemicals signals near the boundaries of the area |
| Imprinting is a form of behavior that | occurs during a specific time in young animals. |
| Which of the following events influences many species of water birds to fly south? | changing seasons |
| If dog barks when inside and goes out immediately, will learn to bark when wants to go out. change in dog's behavior = example of | operant conditioning. |
| A language is | A system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, and gestures and has rules, such as grammar. |
| The appearance of fireflies at dusk is an example of a circadian rhythm because it | happens daily. |
| Dolphins communicate with one another mainly through | sound. |
| The members of a society | belong to the same species and interact closely with each other. |
| It's advantageous for grazing mammals to gather in groups because groups | offer greater protection from predation. |
| Learning occurs whenever | a stimulus causes an animal to change its behavior. |
| Young sea turtles head for the ocean immediately after they hatch. This behavior is most likely | innate. |
| In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, dogs | were conditioned to salivate in response to the sound of a bell. |
| Cat hears rustling in leaves, sounds like mouse digging for food. Cat crouches, becomes still, focuses on leaves. comb. of mov. = | a behavior. |
| Theory that helps family members survive increases chance that one's genes will be passed along to offspring= | kin selection |
| After young duck imprints on nonliving model of adult duck, young duck will | follow only that model. |
| Cephalopods such as squid and octopi can communicate by changing skin colors sometimes patterns. type of comm. =ex. of | visual signal. |
| disturbed, certain moths lift front wings exposing eyelike markings=hind legs. behavior=most effective against pred.= hunt | sight. |
| They type of learning that occurs when a stimulus produces a particular response because it=associated w/ +or - exp. is | classical conditioning. |
| Behavioral cycles that repeat daily are called ____________________. | circadian rhythm. |
| A snail withdraw into its shell if it's prodded with a sharp object. prodding =_________, and snail's withdrawal is response. | stimulus |
| dog learns to ignore vehicles drive past house without stopping, dog's behavior= been altered through learning =__________. | habituation |
| Apes shake branches , make arm gestures, and vocalize loudly when competing. behaviors= manifestations of______________. | aggression |
| Female silkworm moths release chemical messenger= bombykol to attract male moths of same species. Bombykol is a(an)_________. | pheromone |
| Mother cat w/ litter of kittens adopts baby orphan rabbit. Young rabbit won't treat cat as predator cuz rabbit will become__ on cat. | imprinted |
| Unlike learned behavior, a(an) __________ behavior is performed correctly 1st time animal attempts it. | innate |
| If animal produces sound and other animal obtains info. by hearing sound, 2 animals engaging in form of_____________. | communication |
| Elephants and Black Rhinos are considered endangered species. Which human impact is responsible for decline of the animals? | Poaching |
| Premise of disney movie Rio centered around Blue Macaws. human impact highlighted in movie = cause of decline of B.M? | Selling to make them Pets & Poaching |
| This human impact is responsible for the decline in the sloth and orangutan population? | deforestation or habitat loss |
| Two things you can do to prevent further destruction of the Laysan Albatross. | recycle items, including household items, instead of throwing them away and cutting the plastic 6-pack ring. |
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