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Adaptive Immuninty
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where do B cells originate? | Bone Marrow |
| By what method does Bcells make their BCR's? | gene re-arrangement |
| What gene segments do the heavy chain consist o? | One V, One D, One J and One C |
| What gene segments do the light chain consist of? | One V, one J and one C |
| What is the specific antigen that the B cell binds to called? | Cognate antigen |
| What part of the cognate antigen does the BCR bind to? | Epitope |
| What are the BCR accessory molecules? | IgAlpha and IgBeta |
| What can co-stimulation can occur to reduce the amount of cross linking by 100-fold? | Complement receptor and complement fragments on the antigen |
| In the T-cell independent pathway, what secondary simulation interaction occurs? | TLR and LPS |
| In the T cell dependent pathway, what secondary co-stimulation interaction occurs? | CD40L and CD40 |
| How does class switching occur? | Gene re-arrangement in the constant region |
| What is IgM good for? | Activating complement |
| what shape is IgM? | Pentameric |
| What is IgG good for? | Neutralising viruses , opsonisation, crossing the placenta and ADCC |
| What is IgA good for? | Protecting the mucosal surfaces as it is resistant to degradation |
| Why is IgA resistant to degradation? | Due to the J chain |
| What shape is IgA? | Dimeric |
| What is IgE good for? | Killing parasites |
| How does IgE work? | Fc receptors on mast cellls bind to IgE. When Fab region of IgE binds to parasite, mast cell degranulates |
| What two career choices do B cells have? | Plasma cells or memory cells |
| What cells do MHC-I present to? | Cytotoxic T cells |
| What cells do MHC-II present their antigen to? | Helper T cells |
| What cells express MHC-I? | All nucleated cells |
| What cells express MHC-II? | Antigen presenting cells |
| What are the three MHC-I genes? | HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C |
| Outline the three steps in MHC-I processing | 1. Degradation of proteins to peptides 2. transport of the peptides to ER via TAP proteins 3. Binding of peptide to MHC-I |
| What genes are responsible for MHC-II? | HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR |
| What covers the MHC-II binding site in the ER? | Invariant chain |
| What is the invariant chain converted to in the endosome? | CLIP |
| What removes CLIP to allow binding of peptide to MHC-II? | HLA-DM |
| What is TLR-2 responsible for? | Peptidoglycan |
| What is TLR-4 responsible for? | LPS |
| What is TLR-5 responsible for? | Flagellum |
| What i TLR-7 responsible for? | ssRNA |
| What is TLR-3/9 responsible for? | dsDNA |
| What are the three APC? | Dendritic cell, macrophage and B cell |
| During the DC resting phase, the expression of which molecules are low? | B7 and MHC-II |
| When the DC migrates to the lymphocytes, what does it recruit from the blood to replace them? | Monocyte |
| Why do macrophages express MHC-II if they dont go to lymph nodes? | Re-stimulate the T helper cells |
| What is the usefulness of B cells as APC? | It can generate lots of MHC-II quickly in response to a low conc. of antigen in subsequent infections |
| What are the two types of TCR? | Alpha and beta, OR gamma and delta |
| What accessory molecule does the TCR need to be activated? | CD3 |
| What co-receptor does MHC-I bind with? | CD8 |
| What co-receptor does MHC-II bind with? | CD4 |
| What do Th1 cytokines fight against? | Bacterial infections |
| What do Th2 cytokines fight against? | Parasites |
| What cytokines stimulate Th cells to become Th1? | IL-12 |
| What cytokines stimulate Th cells to become Th2? | IL-4 |
| What substance does Tc cells secrete? | Perforin and granzyme |
Created by:
Jake_Bark
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