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Test 10
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the meaning of the dual innervations? | parasympathetic & sympathetic |
| What organs and tissues are innervated by autonomic nervous system? | cardiac, smooth, glands |
| What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic motor impulses? | III, VII, IX, X |
| In which system, the cell bodies of pregangllionic neurons are in the lateral gray horns of T1-L2? | Sympathetic: thoracolumbar outflow |
| In which division or system, the axons of postganglionic neurons tend to be short? | Sympathetic |
| In which system, the axons of postganglionic neurons tend to be short? | Parasympathetic |
| In which system, the ganglia in this division located near to within the wall of visceral effectors? | Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve |
| In which division, the stimulation causes the pupil dilation and airway dilation? | sympathetic |
| Which system stimulates the secretion and motility of the GI tract? | Parasympathetic |
| Which system contains white and gray rami communicantes? | Sympathetic |
| Preganglionic neurons are | myelinated |
| Postganglionic neurons are | unmyelinated |
| What portions of the respiratory system are capable of gas exchange? | respiratory zone |
| What are included in the upper respiratory system? | nose, nasal cavity, pharynx |
| What are included in the lower respiratory system? | larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| What organ functions as a passageway for both air and food? | pharynx |
| What structure shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing? | epiglottis |
| Function of Trachea | only allow air to pass through (windpipe) |
| Structure of trachea | located anterior to the esophagus, extends from larynx down to the superior border of the 5th thoracic, divides into right & left primary bronchi. wall contains a stack of 16-20 C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage |
| Does the cartilage decrease or increase in quantity in the wall of the airways in the bronchial tree from bronchi to alveoli? | decrease in quantity |
| Does the amount of smooth muscle decrease or increase in quantity in the wall of the airways in the bronchial tree from bronchi to alveoli? | increase in quantity |
| Which bronchus os more vertical, shorter, wider? | right primary bronchus |
| Carina | internal ridge, point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi |
| What does each primary bronchus supply? | each lung |
| What does each secondary bronchus supply? | each lobe |
| What does each tertiary bronchus supply? | each bronchopulmonary segment |
| As a molecule of oxygen passes from alveolar air into blood, what structures/ layers does it pass through? | Type I and II alveolar cells, epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, endothelial cells |
| Type I alveolar | gas exchange occurs |
| Type II alveolar | secrete alveolar fluid to decrease surface tension |
| Is the diaphragm a skeletal muscle? | yes |
| What nerves does the diaphragm innervate? | phrenic nerves C3,4,5 spinal cord |
| How does the thoracic volume change when it contracts? | contraction of diaphragm causes it to flatten, lowering its dome |
| What are the principal muscles of inspiration? | diaphragm, external intercostals |
| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? | sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, and pectoralis minor |
| What causes the decrease in the lung volume during normal expiration? | relaxation of inspiratory muscles, elastic fibers recoiling, inward pull |
| When alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure, the air will flow into the lungs or out of the lungs? | into the lungs |
| Pulmonary ventilation | breathing, includes inspiration and expiration of air between the lungs and the atmosphere |
| External respiration | exchange of gases between the air spaces in the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries, blood gains O2 & loses CO2 |
| Internal respiration | exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the bodys cells, blood loses O2 & gains CO2 |
| What vessels make up the hepatic portal vein? | Superior mesenteric, splenic, inferior mesenteric |
| What vessel contains nutrient- rich, deoxygenated blood? | the liver |
| what vessels deliver the blood to the liver sinusoids? | hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery |
| what vessel leaves the liver? | hepatic vein |
| Pathway of the GI tract? | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| 6 major digestive system activities | ingestion (eating), secretion (water, acid) mixing, digestion, absorption, defecation |
| 4 layers of GI tract | mucosa(innermost), submucosa, muscularis, serosa(outermost) |
| Greater omentun | largest peritoneal fold, contains large quantities of adipose tissue & many lymph nodes, hangs like a "fatty apron" |
| What are retroperitoneal organs? | kidney and pancreas |
| Peristaltic contractions | food is pushed through the esophagus by involuntary waves of muscular contraction |
| Where does peristaltic contractions occur? | GI tract |
| Function of esophagus | transports food to stomach |
| Function of stomach | Digestion, mixing area and holding reservoir |
| What secrete mucus? | mucosa neck cells |
| What secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase? | chief cells |
| What secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor? | parietal cells |
| What do parietal cells produce? | gastric juice which secretes into stomach lumen |
| What secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood? | G cells |
| The pancreas is composed of what? | exocrine (digestive) and endocrine (hormone) |
| Where does the main pancreatic duct empty into? | common bile duct |
| Is the pancreatic juice acidic or alkaline? | Alkaline |
| Pathway of the flow of bile | Bile canaliculi-> small bile duct-> R&L hepatic ducts-> common hepatic duct-> common bile duct-> hepatopancreatic ampulla-> duodenum |
| What structures make up the portal triad? | hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct |
| Functions of liver | secreting bile, carbohydrate/lipid/protein metabolism, processing drugs & hormones, excretion of bilirubin, synthesis of bile salts, phagocytosis, activation of Vitamin D, storage of glycogen/ certain vitamins, some minerals |
| What cells produce bile? | hepatocytes of liver |
| What organ stores and concentrate the bile? | gallbladder |
| 3 segments of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| shortest segment of small intestine | duodenum |
| largest segment of small intestine | ileum |
| What features increase surface area for digestion and absorption? | circular folds, villus, microvilli |
Created by:
_melgozacaroo15
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