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Microbiology Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Actinobacteria | -Gram positive -High GC content |
| Species of Actinobacteria | -Streptomyces -Actinomycete-filamentous actinobacteria -Yersinia pestis-Plague -Mycobacterium |
| Sub species of Mycobacteria (non mycelial actinobacteria) | -M.tuberculosis-TB -M. leprae-Leprosy -M. smegatis-harmless commensal of human skin |
| Characteristic of a CNM Group | Contains pathogenic actinobacterial species such as Corynebacterium, mycobacterium and nocardia |
| Slow growing mycobacterium and why | M. tuberculosis, has a hydrophobic coat (mycolic acid-fat chains that bind peptidogylcan layer)prevents nutrients from easily diffusing in. |
| Fast growing Mycobactrium | E. Coli, b. Subtillis, Staphlylococcus Aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
| Latent TB | Asymptomatic people who are not contagious but are carriers. |
| TB disease | Active TB, highly contagious.C |
| what is a Cord Factor | 2 long alcohol chains linked by trehalose that allows TB cells to bind together inside of macrophages. cuasing a caseous necrosis. |
| What is Secondary TB | When tubercles rupture, often fatal in immunosupressed or elderly. |
| How to prevent TB | Bacillus Calmette Geurin vaccine produced by cow TB is used to innoculate those at risk. |
| What bacteria is Leprosy caused by? | Mycobacterium Leprae, Part of CNM group and is nonmyceilial actinobacteria. |
| How is leprosy transmitted? | Via person to person contact. |
| What are symptoms of tubrculoid leprosy? | Loss of sensation of the skin. |
| What are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy? | development of disfigurement. |
| How is Leprosy treated? | Via antibiotics or MDT (multiple drug therapies). May require treatment for life. |
| When did Leprosy first get reported | By egyptions in 1550 BC, in India in 600 BC and in Europe in 62 B.C |
| Who first linked Leprosy to Bacteria? | Armauer Hansen. |
| Why has Leprosy never been grown in pure culture? Where is it grow instead? | Because it perfers a cool body temp of 30 degrees centigrade and is grown in armadillos |
| Order the following species in order of fastest to slowest Generation time B. subtillis, S.aureus, C.botulinum,P. aeruginosa | B. subtillis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa , C.botulinum BSPC-big shits paint cows |
| Order the following species in order of fastest to slowest Generation time m.tuberculosis, M.leprae, T.pallidum | m.tuberculosis, T.pallidum, M.Leprae MTM-Mitotic tubulin man |
| Order the following species in order smallest to largest genome P. aeruginosa ,m.tuberculosis, T.pallidum, M.Leprae, V. cholerae, S.coelicolor, B.japonicum, | T.pallidum, M.leprae, V.cholerae, P. aeruginosa, S.coelicolor, B.japonicum TMVPSB-Tomoki's Mom Vaps Prunes So boring |
| What specices of Actinomyces are irregular shaped? | Corynebactrium Diphtheriae Arthrobacter Coryneform bacteria |
| Characteristics of Corynebactrium Diphtheriae | -Causes diphtheria(bacteria infection that covers back of throat) -Divides by half snapping mechanism |
| Characteristics of Arthrobacter | -Cell cycle of coccoid->rod->coccoid -irregular branched filaments -Common in soil |
| Characteristics of Coryneform Bacteria? | -Some are club shaped -Rod shaped are arranged in palisades (V) due to mechanism of division. -Commonly found in the soil. |
| How does snapping mechanism of division work? | -Bacteria has 2 thick layers of peptidoglycan, inner layer grows inwards to produce 2 new cells. Once enough is formed tension of it causes outer cell wall to break, except at one point which holds cells together. |
| Definition of epidemiology | The study of the distribution of diseases and tries to create countermeasures to prevent or control the disease. Uses -Microbiology -Ecology -Sociology -Statistics -Psychology |
| What is patient zero, why is it important to find them? | First person to have the disease aka Index case. Useful to be able to identify people who had contact with patient zero. |
| Who was the first one to utilize methods of epidemeology to determine cause of Cholera in London? | John Snow |
| Define Incidence | The number of new cases in a population per time period |
| Define prevalence | total (cumulative) number of infected individuals in a population ○ new + old cases/pop. at risk |
| Define mortality | number of deaths per unit time in an infected population |
| Define morbidity | Number of cases per unit time in a population. |
| Define endemic disease | Disease that is always present in a low frequency in a population. Ex. lyme disease in a state. |
| Define epidemic | High frequency over short period of time. |
| Define pandemic | Epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area. Ex AIDS |
| How are viruses transmitted? | Inhaled, ingestion or with contact of infected person or via touching of infected area. |
| Symptoms of Viruses | Fevers, chills headaches and aches, |
| What Causes the symptoms of Viruses | Lysis of infected cells or body trying to combat infection. |
| Results of being infected with virus | -Lowers immune systems ability to fight infection, leading to secondary infections. |
| Define common source epidemic | epidemic that reaches apex of intensity in short period of time. Usually result of single source. Ex. Cholera, GI diseases in summer. |
| Define Propagated epidemic | -Host to host transmistion, slow progression and longer period of infection. Ex. Flu |
| Define Reservoir | Source of disease producing organisms. Can be human, environment or animal. |
| Define symptomatic | Showing obvious signs of disease |
| Define asymptomatic | an infected individual who is a potential source of infection but doesn't show symptoms. |
| Define zoonoses | Animal reservoirs of disease that can be transmitted to humans. |
| Define Vector | An organism that spreads a disease from reservoir to host. Ex insects(Arthropods) fleas, |
| Characteristic of Gammaproteobacteria | Accounts for majority of nosocomial infections. |
| Characteristic of proteobacteria | -All share common structure of two membranes and a thin peptidoglycan layer in between. -has gram negative lipopolysaccharide outer membrane with tails that stick out. |
| Name the 5 major classes of Proteobacteria | Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilonproteobacteria |
| Characteristics Alphaproteobacteria | -Many symbionts |
| What is rickettsias | -intracellular pathogen -clade also includes mitochondria. -Causes rocky mountain spotted fever. -parasitize human endothelial cells -propel themselves through the host cell by polymerizing actin. |
| What are the 4 main genera of rickettsia? | Orientia, ehrlichia and anaplasma |
| What type of Rickettsia | Rickettsia rickettsii- causes rocky mountain spotted fever |
| Which Major class of proteobacteria are endosymbionts? | Alphaproteobacteria, rhizobium, sinohizobium, bradyrhizobium are nitrogen fixators in plant roots. |
| What does Rhizobium spp. fix nitrogen for? | peas, beans clovers |
| What does sinorhizobium fix nitrogen for? | Alfalfa |
| What does bradyrhizobium fix nitrogen for? | soybeans |
| Characteristic of Alphproteo photoheterotrophs | -Generally unicellular Ex. Rhodobacter sphaeroides |
| Characteristic of Alphproteo oligotrophs | -adapted to low nutrient concentrations Ex. caulobacter crescentus |
| Characteristic of Alphproteo anoxygenic photosynthesis? | -uses sulfide for photosynthesis but inhibited by high concentrations, no oxygen is produced during photo synthesis -Can be chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophic, or photoheterotrophic under right conditions. |
| Characteristics of Gammaproteobacteria | -Largest group of proteobacteria. -Ex. escherichia, salmonella, pseudomonas, vibrio, yersinia |
| Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae | -Rod shaped -grows in singles, in chains or biofilm |
| What is endotoxin | Lipid A is a endotoxin that is released when gram negative cells are lysed since they are used to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. |
| What is a serotype | How many types of gram negative bacteria are named based on surface antigens. |
| H antigen | Flagellum |
| K antigen | capsule |
| O antigen | O-polysaccharide only detected if there is no capsule |
| What species are Type III membrane proteins found in? | Salmonella, yersinia, shigella, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, Erwinia |
| What type of gammaproteobacteria caused the plague | Yersinia pestis, Causes bubo or swollen lymph nodes., |
| Define systemic infection | Can move throughout the body. |
| Define when an plague infection moves to lymph nodes | bubonic plague |
| Define when an plague infection moves to blood stream | septicemic plague |
| Define when an plague infection is inhaled | pneumonic plague |
| Slyvatic cycle | Cycle between fleas and rodents that contaminates soil, flea is the vector |
| Define when an plague infected human coughs on another human? | secondary plague pneumonia |
| What bacteria causes cholera. | Vibrio Cholerae |
| What does vibrio parahaeymolyticus cause | -Happens when person eats contaminated shellfish and is similar to cholera. |
| Characteristics of Vibrio cholerae | -Facultative aerobe, found attached to plankton and copepods. (clams) -Endemic in most oceans. -grows best at high pH and allows malnurished people to be more susceptible. |
| Which type Gram - or + are more likely to live on the skin and why? | Gram positive since they are more resistant to desiccation due to additional layer |
| What does B. Theta do in large intestine? | Breaks down complex carbs into products that can be absorbed by body. |
| What does E. coli do in the large intestine? | Catabolizes gulconate and component of secreted mucus. |
| How does type of delivery affect bacteria communites in newly born infants? | vaginal delivery allows more of lactobacillus to be transfered. Potentially can play a role in early immune system development. |
| Define dysbiosis | imbalance of gut flora. |
| What is the purpose of American Gut Project? | -To define waht a healthy vs dysbiosis flora is. |
| What species of bacteria are in probiotic? | Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. potentiall bacteroides, escherichia, propionibacterium |
| How do probiotics work? | Inactivate bacterial toxins, create competition between bacteria, upregulates immunity, supresses inflammation, and promotes intestinal barrier function. |
| What is prebiotic | non degestible food ingrediants. |
| What is the purpose of prebiotics | stimulates growth/activity of specific bacteria. |
| What type of gammaproteobacteria is a sulfur chemoautotroph? | beggiatoa |
| What type of enterobacteriaceae are heavily flagellated and show swarming behavior? | Proteus P.mirabilis is pathogen of UTI in patients with long term catheter. |
| What can betaproteobacteria do? | nitrifiers used to ammonia to nitrate- nitrosomnas Sulfur and iron oxidizers-thiobacillus |
| What betapreoteobacteria is pathogenic in humans? | neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae? | -Diplococci, gram negative and found inside WBC. -Constantly evolving and changing surface antigens, preventing creation of vaccine. |
| What bacteria causes whopping cough? | Bordetella pertusis part of betaproteobacteria family. |
| What bacteria causes meningitis and blood infections? | Neisseria meningitidis -vaccines avalible but must be renewed every 3 years in people under 20. |
| Characteristics of Bordetella pertusis | -Small aerobic gram negative, rod -very sensitive to drying and is transmitted through droplets of mucs -paralyzes tracheal cilla making coughing the only way to get rid of it. |
| What is a major characteristic of Deltaproteobacteria | -predator to other bacteria. |
| Where is myxoccous xanthus found. | -soil bacteria that creates fruiting bodies during stravation. -works in groups |
| What does bdellovibrio species do | parasitizes proteobacterial cells. -uses host cells resources to grow. |
| Characteristics of Epsilonproteobacteria | -Micoaerophillic spiral shaped pathogens. |
| What does the Elpsilonproteobacteria helicobacter pylori do? | -causes gastritis and stomach ulcers -destroys mucus layer of stomach linning |
| How does helicobacter pylor function? | -buries themselves in epithelial layer, neutralizes acidic surrounding . -converts urea to ammonia and CO2 |
| What does Campylobacter jejuni cause? | -Causes diarrhea and is found in birds. |
| Characteristics of Bacteroidetes | -Gram negative -Breaks down cellulose and polymers like chitin in biosphere -Found in the colon anaerobic |
| Species of bacteriodetes | Cytophaga, flavobacterium, |
| Gut ratio of Prevotella to bacteroides | -People who eat more fiber prevotella -meat then bacteroides |
| Characteristics of Bacteriodies fragilis | -major flora of human colon -breaks down food/toxins. -opportunistic pathogen - has 8 different capsule polysaccharides. |
| Characteristics of cytophaga and sporocytophaga | -obiligate aerobes -degrader of cellulose. -large genome |
| What firmicutes are endospore formers? | Bacillus, clostridium |
| What firmicutes do not form endospores? | staphylococcus, lactobacillus, streptococcu, mollicutes |
| Characteristics of bacillus | Rod shaped, develop endospores |
| Characteristics of Clostridium Botulinum | -produces neurotoxin -anaerobe that grows in canned food. |
| Characteristics of Clostridium tetani | -produces tetnus neurotoxin. -causes muscle spasms -anaerobic soil bacteria |
| Characteristics of Clostridiales metabacterium polyspora | -Grows in GI tract of guinea pigs -forms multiple endospores in one cell -cells undergo binary fission |
| Characteristics of Clostridiales Epulopiscium fishelsoni | -Grows in GI tract of giant squid -Bioilluminscent -Undergoes bipolar divison |
| What non spore forming firmicute can survive at cold temps? | Listeria monocytogenes. -hides in macrophages and is a facultative anaerobe |
| Characteristics of staphylococcus | -Gram positive -facultative anaerobe -Found on skin and in nose |
| What type of non spore forming firmicutes have no cell wall or s layer | Mollicutes. Best known for mycoplasma causes pneumonia and meninigitis. |
| Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria | -fermentative bacteria that can tolerate o2. -fastidious |
| Does streptococci undergo heterolactic fermentation or homolactic? | Homolactic! |
| What bacteria causes caries? | streptococci mutans. |
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temok747
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