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A&P II: Test 3
EMCC Beneke
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Describe lymph vessels. | tiny and colorless, merge to form larger vessles, filter the lymph. |
| What are the functions of the lymph. | protect- allow tissues to heal, transport foreign particles, and filter the lymph. |
| 6 Locations of Lymph Nodes | cervical- under the mandible, in front of the ears, behind the ears, deep in the neck. axillary- mammary glands. inguinal viscera |
| What does the thymus do relative to the immune system? | it is where the t-cells mature. |
| What does the spleen do? | stores blood, macrophages, and aides in RBC destruction, |
| Name some pathogens. | viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites. |
| List the first line of defense mechanisms. (non-specific) | skin, stomach acid, respiratory lining. |
| How does the skin help in immunity. | mechanical barrier, helpful bacteria, and sweat & sebum. |
| List the secondary defense mechanisms. (non-specific) | RES, inflammatory response, phagocytosis, nutritional immunity, and interferons. |
| Describe the R.E.S.. | Reticular Epithelial System |
| Happens during the inflammatory response? | redness, swelling, heat, and pain. |
| Describe phagocytosis and what chemotaxis has to do with the process. | phagocytosis- condition of "cell eating". chemotaxis- attraction to a site of infection and stimulated by antigen. |
| What are t-cells, what do they do, and give the normal count and the abnormal count. | cells in the thymus, they are responsible for cell mediated immunity, and the normal count is 1000-1200/cc & abnormal is 500/cc dangerous.. below 200 AIDS |
| What are the consequences of low t-cell counts? | serious diseases. body is unable to fight off infections and harmal disease |
| What are B-cells? | responsible for antibody mediated immunity and responsible for specific circulating antibodies. |
| What are antibodies? | proteins made in response to antigens. made by plasma cells. |
| What do memory cell do? | "recognize" a particular pathogen and destroys the pathogen. |
| How are we defended against cancer? | carcinoma- have our own cell specific proteins. cells attack cancer cells- killer t-cells, macrophages, natural killer cells (NK) |
| Why must the immune system be suppressed after transplants? | t cells attack foreign proteins of the transplanted tissue. first year is critical. |
| What happens during an allergic response? | allergens attach to mast cells. most cells release histamine swelling and serotonin. |
| Where do cellular wastes come from? | by products of metabolism. |
| What does the urinary system do? | removes liquid waste. |
| List the organs of the urinary system. | kidney, urinary, ureter, and urethra. |
| What do the kidneys do? | filters the blood, forms the urine, and changes in blood pH. |
| Describe the pathway of urine from formation to removal. | kidney, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra. |
| What are the nephron and what do they do? | basic functional and histological unit of the kidney. |
| What is a nephritic loop? | loop of Henle and limbs. |
| Describe the compostion of normal urine. | water- 95%, urea, and uric acid. |
| What is a normal and abnormal volume of urine output? | .6-2.5 liters a day.. .5-.6 cc/hr.......30cc/hr is too low |
| Describe the ureters. | tubular organs, smooth muscle, lead from the kidney to the bladder, and obstructed by a renal calculus. |
| Describe the urinary bladder. | hollow, distensible, muscular organ, and lined with transitional epithelial. |
| Describe micturition. | act of urination, distension, 600ml, uncomfortable @300ml |
| Describe the urethra, why is it longer in men than women? | because men conduct sperm and urine out of there urethra. |
| Describe how respiratory acidosis occurs. | ph 3.5, carbon dioxide accumulates |
| What are the consequences of blood acidosis? | obstructions, pneumonia, empiphysia, or brain stem injury. |
| Describe how respiratory alkalosis occurs. | hyperventilating, salicylic poisoning, and lack of oxygen. |
| Describe how metabolic acidosis occurs. | excess anti-acids, antidiuretics, drainage. |
| What are the consequences of blood alkalosis? | fainting, light headedness, dizziness |
| List the functions of the male reproductive system. | produce and maintain gametes. transport gametes, inseminate female, and produce semen. |
| What do the testes do? | hold semen and promote sperm production |
| What occurs in seminiferous tubules? | spermatogenesis |
| What do the epididymis do? | long coiled cord. stores and transports sperm |
| What does the vas deferens do? | transport sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts |
| Functions of the accessory glands: prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral gland. | prostate- secrete prostate fluid, propel seminal fluid into urethra during ejaculation. seminal vesicle- sperm travels through. b. gland- adds fluid to semen during ejaculation. |
| What are the functions of the ovaries? | descend during development, hold eggs. |
| What do the fallopian tubes do? | sweep eggs toward the uterus, aid in transport. |
| What does the uterus do? | womb, hold the baby. |
| Describe the vaginal structure. | labia major, labia minor. |
| Why are the mammary glands studied in the reproductive system? | assist in feeding the infant. provides food supply for offspring |
| Why is lymph percolated? | secrete antibodies and enclosed in fibrous tissue. |
| What is the primary function of the lymphatic system? | fight infection |
| How does fever help humans fight infection? | burns out pathogens |
| What are interferon? | warn the cells of danger |
| What are memory cells and how do they help humans with immunity? | recognize particular pathogens and destroy pathogen. |
| What are autoimmune diseases? List examples. | attacks tissues in the body, body attacks itself. rheumatoid arthristis, MS, Lupus |
| What is the average ph of urine | 6.5-7 |
| Where is the renal sinus? | medial portion of kidney |
| What is the normal volume of urine per day? | 6.5-2.5 liter/ .5-.6hr |
| What is an abnormal urine output? | .30 too low |
| Describe the graafian follicle-pre ovulatory. | stimulates endometrium, have period. |
| What becomes of the graafian follicle-- post ovulatory? | degenerates into corpus luteum |
| List the three regions of the uterine wall. | endometrium, myometrium, and epimetrium |
| What is the endometrium? | inner lining of the uterus |
| What is the myometrium? | the muscle of the uterus |
| Why is the fallopian tube ciliated? | to aide in the egg moving down the tubes into the uterus |
| In which layer of the skin are mammary glands found? | hypodermal layer |
| What is prolactin? | hormone that stimulates milk production |
| What is oxytocin? | promotes uterual contractions. |
| What are the functions of the mammary glands? | to produce milk to feed offspring |
| What is the role of progesterone in the reproductive system? | stimulates development of endometrium |
| What is a zygote? | a fertilized egg. |
| Where do sperm mature? | seminiferous tubules. |
| Describe autosomal dominant disorders and give examples and symptoms. | equal expression in both genders, physical disorders of the body. ex) Huntington's, Achondroplasia, Polydacity, Familal Hypercholesterolemia. |
| Define autosomal recessive disorders. Examples, symptoms and risk. | both genders are carriers. inherited when both parents are carriers. ex) cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs, PKU |
| Abnormal chromosome disorder. | caused by non-disjunction of chromosome/ gamete genesis. chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase. |
| Trisomy 21/ Down Syndrome | 47 chromosomes. risk: mother's age, increases with age, occurs in 1/800 births. 1/2 live to 50. 1/7 live to age 68. |
| Trisomy 10/ Edwards Disorder | 80% are females, abnormal circulatory development, occurs in 1/8000 births, 47 chromosomes. |
| Trisomy 13 | lethal by 6 months, eyes may be missing, polydactyl, rocker soled feet. |
| Cri-du-cat/ 45 Chromosomes | "cry of the cat", deletion of 5th chromosome, development slow/ retardation |
| 47 XXY/ Kleinfelter's Syndrome | predominantly males, tall, infertile have female figure but male genitalia. |
| 47 XYY/ "Supermales" | 3% of males in prison and mental hospitals have extra Y. 20% of males over 6ft. more testosterone |
| 47 XXX/ Trisomy X | no phenotypic abnormality |
| Turner Syndrome | 45 XO |
| 45 YO | spontaneous abortion/ miscarriage. no x chromosome |
| Describe how sex linked traits are carried. | only females can be carriers |
| Why do sex linked traits occur more in males than females? | because males only have one X chromosome |
| What conditions occur more in males than females? | color blindness and alopecia |
| Why is Huntington's disease a case of study for bioethics? | progressive dementia, doctors do not understand where the error occurs |
| What is mosiacism? | two or more populations of different cells in one individual. result of non-disjunction |
| How are chromosome numbers (1-23) determined? | shape and size |
| What do lymph blood vessels do? | protect. |
Created by:
Jlewis8775
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