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Week 11 Animal F&F
Bio 100 animal form and function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Advantages of sexual reproduction | offspring are genetically different from parent and are prone to evolutionary adaptation. |
| advantages of asexual reproduction | fast and efficient and all alleles are passed to offspring. |
| disadvantages of sexual reproduction | finding a partner and mating can be time consuming and only half of alleles are passed to offspring |
| disadvantages of asexual reproduction | no room for evolutionary adaptations. |
| Types of Asexual reproduction | Parthenogenesis, budding, fragmentation |
| Parthenogenesis | A females egg develops into a new organism without having to be fertilized by male sperm. |
| Budding | An offspring grows out of parent body. |
| Fragmentation | a parent breaks into multiple pieces each growing into an individual organism. |
| Secondary sexual charecteristics | Sexual selection: Natural selection for mating success. |
| Intrasexual | Deer: males compete for females. Lemurs: females compete for males. |
| Intersexual | Females choose males |
| Courtship rituals | A female grebe requires a male to perform a courtship dance before she will mate with him. |
| Control of valuable resources | female yellow bellied marmots prefer rock outcroppings that provide retreats for escapes from predators. (outcroppings controlled by males) |
| Gifts up front | Female hanging fly will not mate with a male unless she brings him a large quantity of food. |
| Good looks | A female peacock is attracted to the male with the most tall beautiful feathers. |
| monogamous | little sexual dimorphsim (look the same), high certainty of paternity, extensive paternal care provided. |
| polygynous | more ornamented males, some certainty of paternity, less paternal care provided. |
| polyandrous | more ornamented females, little certainty of paternity, less paternal care provided. |
| Polygamy in elephant seals | some individuals have multiple mates while other have few or none. |
| Male polymorphism in Side botched lizard orange throated males | most aggressive, defend large areas with many females. |
| Male polymorphism in Side botched lizard blue throated males | mildly aggressive, defend small territories with fewer females. |
| Male polymorphism in Side botched lizard yellow throated males | non aggressive, mimic female behaviors to sneakily mate with females. |
| Human semen production | seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland. |
| Human sperm production | Vas deferens, epididymis, seminiferous tubules. |
| Adaptations for sperm competition in promiscuous mating systems | Damsel fly shovel penis that scrapes previous sperm from female. Chimpanzees with larger testicles. |
| Cloaca | common opening to the outside of the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems in most non-mammalian vertebrates and monotremes (eg platypus) |
| spermatheca | Sac that stores sperm and delivers it for fertilization of the eggs during ovulation (insects) |
| External fertilization | the sperm and egg unite outside the males and females body. |
| Internal fertilization | sperm are deposited directly in the females reproductive tract and unite with ehhs inside the females body. |
| Spawning | A group of individuals release their gametes in response to environmental cues or chemical signals from other individuals. EG salmon and other fish. |
| Mating behaviour | female releases the eggs in response to being clasped by the male. Eg frogs. |
| Egg development Oviparity | most embryonic development takes place within an egg outside the mothers body. Embryo is nourished by nutrients in the eggs yolk. EG all birds, some fishes, amphibians, reptiles, insects and spiders. |
| Egg development ovoviviparity | Most embryonic development takes place within an egg that remains in the mother body until hatching (or is released just before hatching). Embryo is nourished by nutrients in the eggs yolk. Eg sharks, other fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates. |
| Egg development viviparity | Most embryonic development takes place inside the mother and live offspring are born. Embryo nourished by nutrients in the mothers blood. EG nearly all mammals; also some fishes, amphibians and reptiles. |
| Hermaphrodites | Animals with both female and male reproductive systems. |
| Animals that are hermaphodites | most or all sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, and earthworms. Some nematodes, mollusks and echinoderms. A few arthropods and chordates. |
| Self fertilizing | Fusion of male and female gametes produced by the same individual. Eg Sea slugs |
| Cross-fertilizing | The fusion of male and female gametes from different individuals of the same species. EG Earthworm. |
| Mutual fertilization | EG tree snail. |
| Unilateral fertilization | EG marine flatworm. |
| Protandrous | Having the male reproductive organs come to maturity before the female. EG clown fish. |
| Protogynous | Having the female reproductive organs come to maturity before the male. EG wrasse. |
| Mammalian blood | 55% plasma and 45% cellular elements. |
| Function of water In mammalian blood | Solvent for carrying other substances. |
| Function of Ions (blood electrolytes) In mammalian blood | osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability. Ions EG sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate. |
| Function of Plasma proteins In mammalian blood | Osmotic balance, pH buffering. Fibrinogen is used for clotting and immunoglobulins (antibodies) are used as defense. |
| Substances transported by blood | Nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and hormones. |
| Defense and immunity cells in Mammalian blood | Leukocytes (white blood cells), Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, and Monocytes. !Number per uL of blood = 5,000-10,000! |
| Cells that prevent blood clotting in Mammalian Blood | Platelets !Number per uL of blood = 250,000 - 400,000 |
| Cells that transport O2 and some Co2 | Erythrocytes (red blood cells) !number per uL of blood = 5-6 million. |
| Open circulatory system (tubular heart) | Heart(s) and/or body movmenet pump the hemolymph into body cavities (sinuses, hemocoel) and vessels. EG arthropods and molluscs (except cephalopods) |
| Closed circulatory systems (auxillary hearts) | Heart(s) pump blood into vessels, where blood is confined. EG annelids, cephalopod molluscs (squid, octopus) and vertebrates. |
| Circulatory systems in vertebrates: Fish | Single circulation & 2 chamber heart |
| Circulatory systems in vertebrates: Amphibians | Double circulation & 3 chamber heart. Pulmocutaneous circuit |
| Circulatory systems in vertebrates: Reptiles (except birds) | Double circulation & incompletely divided 3 chamber heart. Pulmonary circuit. |
| Circulatory systems in vertebrates: Mammals and Birds | Double circulation & fully divided 4 chamber heart. Pulmonary circuit. |
| Fish circulatory system description | Single circulation. 2 heart chambers. Oxy- and deoxygenated blood do not mix but blood losses pressures in the gills. |
| Amphibians circulatory system description | Double circulation. 3 heart chambers. Oxy- and deoxygenated blood mix but blood is pumped twice and regains the pressure lost in lungs and skin. |
| Non-Avian Reptiles circulatory system description | Double circulation. 3 heart chambers. A partially divided ventricle reduces the mixing of oxy- and deoxygenated blood. |
| Birds & Mammals circulatory system description | Double circulation. 4 heart chambers. Oxy- and deoxygenated blood do not mix. |
| Coprophagia | Animals who consume their own feces. |
| Diastema | Gap between teeth. |
| Vas deferens | Male tube that exchanges gametes |
| Fallopian tubes | Female tube that exchanges gametes. |
Created by:
Joeyyip13
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