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Biology lap 12
study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| joint pain and stiffness caused by loss of cartilage | oseoarthiritis |
| rib cage | axial skeleton |
| shoulders | appendicular skeleton |
| cells that secrete mineral deposits that form bone | osteoblasts |
| soft tissue in bone cavities that produce blood cells | red marrow |
| bone with a latticework structure | spongy bone |
| nerves and blood vessels run through this structure in bones | Haversian canals |
| soft tissue in bone cavities that stores fat | yellow marrow |
| cells that break down bone minerals | osteoclasts |
| tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone | periosteum |
| the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone | ossification |
| ball and socket | shoulder and hip |
| hinge | elbows, ankles, and knees |
| immovable | between skull bones fibrous - structure/craniums |
| slightly movable | between two vertebra caltiagenus |
| multiple nuclei, voluntary, striated | skeletal muscle |
| spindle shaped, non-striated, involuntary | smooth muscle |
| lines the inside of the blood vessels and the digestive tract | smooth muscle |
| involuntary, striated | cardiac muscle |
| connected to each other by gap junctions | cardiac muscle |
| thin protein filaments in muscle fibers | actin |
| formed by thick filaments to allow filaments to slide past one another | cross-bridges |
| these ions are released within muscle fibers when impulses pass from motor neutrons | calcium |
| bundles of tightly packed protein filaments inside muscle fibers | myofibrils |
| thick protein in muscle fibers | myosin |
| supplies the energy needed for muscle contraction | ATP |
| protection from pathogens, water loss, and ultraviolet radiation are functions of the | skin |
| skin releases excess heat but holds in some body heat | true |
| sweat contains | salts and urea |
| sensory receptors for both pressure and pain | skin |
| skin needs sunlight to produce | vitamin D |
| melanin protects skin by absorbing this type of radiation | ultraviolet |
| structures that excrete salt and water from the skin | sweat glands |
| the outer layer of skin | epidermis |
| a tough fibrous protein that makes up the hair and nails | keratin |
| epidermal cells that produce melanin | melancyotes |
| structures that produce a fluid that kills bacteria | sebaceous glands |
| the lower layer of skin | dermis |
| red welts | hives |
| bumps that become red, may contain pus and may leave scars | acne |
| abnormal growths or sore that do not heal | skin cancer |
| 2 types of support systems | terrestrial and aquatic |
| name the plant support systems | woody and non woody |
| trees | woody |
| Turgor pressure Water hydrostatic | non woody |
| name the animal support system | None, mineral, skeleton |
| two types of skeleton | exoskeleton endoskeleton |
| Worm, slug, jellyfish, octopus | No skeletal system (hyrostatic) |
| Usually live in water Slow moving Supported by muscle | No skeletal system (hyrostatic) |
| clams, oysters | Non-living mineral support (minerals) |
| Endoskeleton function | support, protect, help movement, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, CaH, P, Mg |
| Advantage and disadvantages of exoskeleton | - prevent water loss, protect, support, help movement - must molt, limit adult size, vulnerable immediately after molting |
| breaks down bone | Osteoclasts |
| build up bone | Osteoblasts |
| maintaining bone health | Osteocytes |
| freely movable | synovial joits |
| pivot | ulna/ radius |
| epilloical | knuckles |
| saddie | thumb |
| 1+ nuclei | cardiac |
| 1 nuclei | smooth |
| state the sliding filament theory | 1. releases the neuro transmitter Ach 2. causes muscle to release calcium 3. exposes biding site on actin 4. actin + myosin form a cross bridge 5. Bowerstrokes to bring Z lines closer together |
| ligaments | bone to bone |
| Integumentry | skin, hair, nails |
| function of integumentry | prevent dehydration, protection, relax waste, regulates, vitamin D |
| living cells, collagen contain minerals | endoskeleton |
| Where are smooth muscles found? | digestive system, blood vessels and the pupils of the eye. |
| What are exoskeleton composed of? | Chitin & living tissue |
| Cranium, vertebral column and the ribs. | axial system |
| What are the functions of tendons? | To connect muscles to bones. |
| What part of the bone contains dividing cartilage cells that increase the size of a bone until a person reaches maturity? | The growth plate |
| What does the body release in response to allergic reactions? | Histamines |
| What is the name of the condition where bone density decreases, causing the bones to become more porous? | Osteoporosis |
| is the place where two or more bones meet | joint |
| What is the purpose of cartilage? | absorb impacts as a cushion between bones and to provide a frictionless environment between bones |
| What is it called when you injure ligaments? | a sprain |
| What are the cytoplasms of old epidermis cells filled with? | Keratin |
| What is it called when you injure a tendon? | a strain |
| What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones? | Spongy bones |
| What is bursitis? | Inflammation of the bursae. |
| Where are cardiac muscles found? | heart |
| What is the name of the neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction that starts the muscle contraction process? | ACh or acetylcholine |
| What causes the striation in certain muscles? | regular arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments. |
| Name 2 of the 3 most common forms of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. |
| What causes the muscle contraction to end? | ACh stops being secreted from the nerve and the process is reversed. |
| the name of the contracting unit of a muscle | sarcomere |
| What has to happen to the opposing muscle when a muscle contracts? | relax |
| What is the largest organ in your body? | skin |
| What type of muscle contracts rapidly and generates a lot of force quickly? | Whit muscle |
| Where are melanocytes found? | epidermis |
| What are the effects of UV-B rays? | rays don’t penetrate as deeply as A do produce sunburns, and increase risk of skin cancer |
| What is the function of melanin? | protect the skin by absorbing UV rays form the sun. |
| What structures are found in the dermis? | Blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, smooth muscle and hair follicles. |
| What do sebaceous glands produce? | sebum |
| Where is the red bone marrow found? | spongy bone |
| what is keeping non-woody plants upright? | The turgor pressure created by water in the central vacuole |
| What type of bone is dense and found under the periosteum? | compact bone |
| What are the small sacs of synovial fluid found near joints called? | Bursae |
| What is the composition of an endoskeleton? | living cells, collagen contain minerals, Bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. |
| What is muscle tone? | Skeletal muscles staying in a state of partial contraction |
| gliding | ankle and wrist |
| wear and tear of cartilage | osearthiritis |
| light line in sarcomere | actin |
| dark lines in sacromere | myosin |
| functions of endoskeleton | stores fat, makes blood cells, support shape, protect organs, store minerals, help movement |
| cartilengenus | rib and backbone |
| dermatitis | rash or inflammation, itching and burning |
| wounds | open broke in skin |
| burns | caused by heat, chemicals, shock or radition |
| motor neutrons | release chemical messenger ACH into muscle fiber |
| vitamin D | helps w/ the absorption of calcium |
| regulation of body temp | evaporation cools body |
| protection | keeps out bacteria |
| tetanus | causes muscle fibers to lock in continuous contraction |
| muscle dystrophy | wasting away of skeletal muscles |
| Breaks down fat | lipase |
| Absorb fats and fatty acids | lymph vessels |
| What is the purpose of the excretory system? | remove metabolic wastes from the body and maintain homeostasis |
| What organs are involved in the excretory system? | The skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| How does the skin help remove waste? | sweating |
| How do the lungs excrete wastes? | carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration is released when breathing |
| What does the kidney do? | filtering process, the kidneys remove excess water, urea and metabolic wastes from the blood |
| outer portion | Cortex |
| inner sections | medulla |
| dip in oval structure | pelvis |
| tube leading from kidney | ureter |
| dirty blood enters | renal artery |
| clean blood exists | renal vein |
| actual filtering unit of the kidney | nephron |
| How does the nephron filter blood? | Filtration Reabsorption Secretion |
| Filtration of blood mainly occurs in the | glomerulus |
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