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Biology lap 12
study guide
Question | Answer |
---|---|
joint pain and stiffness caused by loss of cartilage | oseoarthiritis |
rib cage | axial skeleton |
shoulders | appendicular skeleton |
cells that secrete mineral deposits that form bone | osteoblasts |
soft tissue in bone cavities that produce blood cells | red marrow |
bone with a latticework structure | spongy bone |
nerves and blood vessels run through this structure in bones | Haversian canals |
soft tissue in bone cavities that stores fat | yellow marrow |
cells that break down bone minerals | osteoclasts |
tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone | periosteum |
the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone | ossification |
ball and socket | shoulder and hip |
hinge | elbows, ankles, and knees |
immovable | between skull bones fibrous - structure/craniums |
slightly movable | between two vertebra caltiagenus |
multiple nuclei, voluntary, striated | skeletal muscle |
spindle shaped, non-striated, involuntary | smooth muscle |
lines the inside of the blood vessels and the digestive tract | smooth muscle |
involuntary, striated | cardiac muscle |
connected to each other by gap junctions | cardiac muscle |
thin protein filaments in muscle fibers | actin |
formed by thick filaments to allow filaments to slide past one another | cross-bridges |
these ions are released within muscle fibers when impulses pass from motor neutrons | calcium |
bundles of tightly packed protein filaments inside muscle fibers | myofibrils |
thick protein in muscle fibers | myosin |
supplies the energy needed for muscle contraction | ATP |
protection from pathogens, water loss, and ultraviolet radiation are functions of the | skin |
skin releases excess heat but holds in some body heat | true |
sweat contains | salts and urea |
sensory receptors for both pressure and pain | skin |
skin needs sunlight to produce | vitamin D |
melanin protects skin by absorbing this type of radiation | ultraviolet |
structures that excrete salt and water from the skin | sweat glands |
the outer layer of skin | epidermis |
a tough fibrous protein that makes up the hair and nails | keratin |
epidermal cells that produce melanin | melancyotes |
structures that produce a fluid that kills bacteria | sebaceous glands |
the lower layer of skin | dermis |
red welts | hives |
bumps that become red, may contain pus and may leave scars | acne |
abnormal growths or sore that do not heal | skin cancer |
2 types of support systems | terrestrial and aquatic |
name the plant support systems | woody and non woody |
trees | woody |
Turgor pressure Water hydrostatic | non woody |
name the animal support system | None, mineral, skeleton |
two types of skeleton | exoskeleton endoskeleton |
Worm, slug, jellyfish, octopus | No skeletal system (hyrostatic) |
Usually live in water Slow moving Supported by muscle | No skeletal system (hyrostatic) |
clams, oysters | Non-living mineral support (minerals) |
Endoskeleton function | support, protect, help movement, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, CaH, P, Mg |
Advantage and disadvantages of exoskeleton | - prevent water loss, protect, support, help movement - must molt, limit adult size, vulnerable immediately after molting |
breaks down bone | Osteoclasts |
build up bone | Osteoblasts |
maintaining bone health | Osteocytes |
freely movable | synovial joits |
pivot | ulna/ radius |
epilloical | knuckles |
saddie | thumb |
1+ nuclei | cardiac |
1 nuclei | smooth |
state the sliding filament theory | 1. releases the neuro transmitter Ach 2. causes muscle to release calcium 3. exposes biding site on actin 4. actin + myosin form a cross bridge 5. Bowerstrokes to bring Z lines closer together |
ligaments | bone to bone |
Integumentry | skin, hair, nails |
function of integumentry | prevent dehydration, protection, relax waste, regulates, vitamin D |
living cells, collagen contain minerals | endoskeleton |
Where are smooth muscles found? | digestive system, blood vessels and the pupils of the eye. |
What are exoskeleton composed of? | Chitin & living tissue |
Cranium, vertebral column and the ribs. | axial system |
What are the functions of tendons? | To connect muscles to bones. |
What part of the bone contains dividing cartilage cells that increase the size of a bone until a person reaches maturity? | The growth plate |
What does the body release in response to allergic reactions? | Histamines |
What is the name of the condition where bone density decreases, causing the bones to become more porous? | Osteoporosis |
is the place where two or more bones meet | joint |
What is the purpose of cartilage? | absorb impacts as a cushion between bones and to provide a frictionless environment between bones |
What is it called when you injure ligaments? | a sprain |
What are the cytoplasms of old epidermis cells filled with? | Keratin |
What is it called when you injure a tendon? | a strain |
What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones? | Spongy bones |
What is bursitis? | Inflammation of the bursae. |
Where are cardiac muscles found? | heart |
What is the name of the neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction that starts the muscle contraction process? | ACh or acetylcholine |
What causes the striation in certain muscles? | regular arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments. |
Name 2 of the 3 most common forms of skin cancer? | Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. |
What causes the muscle contraction to end? | ACh stops being secreted from the nerve and the process is reversed. |
the name of the contracting unit of a muscle | sarcomere |
What has to happen to the opposing muscle when a muscle contracts? | relax |
What is the largest organ in your body? | skin |
What type of muscle contracts rapidly and generates a lot of force quickly? | Whit muscle |
Where are melanocytes found? | epidermis |
What are the effects of UV-B rays? | rays don’t penetrate as deeply as A do produce sunburns, and increase risk of skin cancer |
What is the function of melanin? | protect the skin by absorbing UV rays form the sun. |
What structures are found in the dermis? | Blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, smooth muscle and hair follicles. |
What do sebaceous glands produce? | sebum |
Where is the red bone marrow found? | spongy bone |
what is keeping non-woody plants upright? | The turgor pressure created by water in the central vacuole |
What type of bone is dense and found under the periosteum? | compact bone |
What are the small sacs of synovial fluid found near joints called? | Bursae |
What is the composition of an endoskeleton? | living cells, collagen contain minerals, Bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. |
What is muscle tone? | Skeletal muscles staying in a state of partial contraction |
gliding | ankle and wrist |
wear and tear of cartilage | osearthiritis |
light line in sarcomere | actin |
dark lines in sacromere | myosin |
functions of endoskeleton | stores fat, makes blood cells, support shape, protect organs, store minerals, help movement |
cartilengenus | rib and backbone |
dermatitis | rash or inflammation, itching and burning |
wounds | open broke in skin |
burns | caused by heat, chemicals, shock or radition |
motor neutrons | release chemical messenger ACH into muscle fiber |
vitamin D | helps w/ the absorption of calcium |
regulation of body temp | evaporation cools body |
protection | keeps out bacteria |
tetanus | causes muscle fibers to lock in continuous contraction |
muscle dystrophy | wasting away of skeletal muscles |
Breaks down fat | lipase |
Absorb fats and fatty acids | lymph vessels |
What is the purpose of the excretory system? | remove metabolic wastes from the body and maintain homeostasis |
What organs are involved in the excretory system? | The skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
How does the skin help remove waste? | sweating |
How do the lungs excrete wastes? | carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration is released when breathing |
What does the kidney do? | filtering process, the kidneys remove excess water, urea and metabolic wastes from the blood |
outer portion | Cortex |
inner sections | medulla |
dip in oval structure | pelvis |
tube leading from kidney | ureter |
dirty blood enters | renal artery |
clean blood exists | renal vein |
actual filtering unit of the kidney | nephron |
How does the nephron filter blood? | Filtration Reabsorption Secretion |
Filtration of blood mainly occurs in the | glomerulus |