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Dental anesthesia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the Central Nervous system consist of, what does it do? | Brain and spinal cord, overall control center of the body. |
| The brain consists of what four major components? | Cerebral cortex, core of the brain, the cerebellum, the brainstem |
| The cerebral cortex is responsible for what? | Thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling sensations(pain heat), and initiation of muscle movement |
| What happens in the core of the brain? | Impulses pass to or from cerebral cortex. Relay station between sensory inputs from periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex. |
| What does the cerebellum do? | It's the coordinating center for both sensory receptors(vision and hearing) and coordination of movement |
| Where is the brainstem located? | Between the brains core and the spinal cord inferiorly |
| What does the brainstem consist of? And what does it control? | The midbrain,pons(movement),and the medulla(BP,HR,respiration,digestion). Contains control centers for autonomic nervous system functions. Also contains the reticular formation responsible for maintenance of consciousness or arousal. Pons/medulla are the |
| What does the peripheral Nervous System-PNS consist of? | Nerves that carry impulses away from the central nervous system to various parts of the body and from the periphery back to CNS. Sensory nerves- conduct message regarding environment(pain/touch)back to CNS. Motor nerves-carry out response from CNS to a mu |
| What are the 2 components of the peripheral Nervous system? | Cranial nerves(base of brain) and the Spinal nerves(from spinal cord through vertebral column) |
| What is the trigeminal nerve? | The 5th cranial nerve,carries sensory and motor fibers,supplies sensation to the teeth and jaw,has motor branches that supply the muscles of mastication. |
| What are the 3 divisions of the Trigeminal nerve? | The 1st(Upper) division is the Ophthalmic(eye and forehead). The 2nd is the maxillary division. The 3rd(lower) is the mandibular division. |
| What is a mandibular block? | An injection that anesthetizes the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves- injected about midpoint of the ascending ramus of the mandible(the vertical posterior portion). This anesthetizes all mandibular teeth,chim, and lip on same side as well as half the |
| What is a Posterior Superior Alveolar Block? | A block that anesthetizes the branches for the posterior portion of the maxillary alveolus. |
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) do? | Regulates the internal organs (viscera) and other involuntary functions-homeostasis. Regulates BP,HR, breathing, body temp.,H2O balance,urinary bladder and digestive functions. |
| What are the 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)? | Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic *oppose eachother* Sympathetic(fight or flight) Parasympathetic(resting/vegitative) |
| What does the Sympathetic nervous system do? | Prepares body for Phys.Activity in response to stress. HR,BP,blood glucose go up. Exerts efforts through action of norepinepheine(adrinaline) |
| What are the sub-groupings of the sympathetic (adrenergic) effects of the ANS? | *Alpha(a)- Vasoconstriction (arteries and veins) *Beta(b)- Big Organs *Beta 1(B1)- "1 heart" Increased Hr,conduction rate, and strength of contraction. *Beta 2(B2)- "2 lungs" Bronchodilation |
| What are the effects of the Parasympathetic nervous system? | Slower HR,increased salivary secretion,increase activity of digestive tract.(vegetative state "couch potato") *exerts effects through chemical substance acetlycholine. |
| What drugs are anticholinergic? What are they used for? | Atropine, glycopyrrolate (Robinul) They counteract Parasympathetic stimulation by reducing production of secretion it stimulates. |
| Why combine epinephrine with local anesthetic agents? | Causes Vasoconstriction. Helps anesthetic last longer, Helps control bleeding |
| How do barbiturates affect the vital centers in the medulla and pons associated with ANS? | They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression |
| How does Ketamine affect the vital centers of the ANS? | Stimulates them. Causes increase BP, and Pulse. |
| How many chambers are there in the heart? What are they? | 4 Right atrium, right ventricle, Left atrium, left ventricle . |
| Where is the heart located? | In the chest behind and slightly to the left of the sternum(aka breastbone). Cone-shaped, with apex directed down and to the left, while base is upward & to the right. |
| What is the heart made of? | Myocardium, a unique muscle with ability to contract on its own, without nerve stimulation. |
| What is the order of blood flow through the heart? | Blood comes up through inferior vena cava-down through superior vena cava into the right artium,tricuspid valve,right ventricle,pulmonary seminar valve,pulmonary arteries, lungs,pulmonary veins,left atrium, bicuspid valve(mitral),left ventricle,aortic sem |
| What is a myocardial infarction? | Heart attack (Infaction- death of tissue from lack of blood supply) |
| What vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? | Arteries |
| What vessels carry Oxygen-depleted blood to the heart? | Veins |
| Why are the pulmonary veins different from other veins? | The pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body to carry oxygenated blood. They return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| What is a heart murmur? | Back flow or turbulence that may be detected with a stethoscope. May happen if a valve is damaged by either disease or congenital defect. |
| What is ischemia? | A condition when reduced oxygen supply damages the heartcelss but doesn't actually cause necrosis (death of cells). |
| What is angina pectoris, what causes it? What can relieve it? | Chest pain, results from ischemia of myocardium. Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin |
| Cariac output | Total amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute, determined by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate |
| Bradycardia | Heart rate below 60 beats/min |
| Trachycardia | Heart rate greater than 100 beats/minute |
| What is the sinoatrial node(SA node)? | The hearts pacemaker, located at junction between coronary sinus and right atrium. Microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers where cardiac rhythm originates. |
| Atria ventricular node (AV node) | Located between atria and ventricles. Microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers involved in the electrical activity of the heart |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygwn |
| What are the elements of a normal sinus rhythm on a cardiac monitor tracing? | The P wave(atrial depolarization, QR(ventricular depolarizatuin)S(# of QRS/min represent HR), T wave- (ventricular repolarizarion) |
| Artery located in neck, easily palate when look for a pts pulse | Common carotid |
Created by:
Eyernelson