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Chapter 7
Vocabulary
Term | Definition |
---|---|
cellular respiration | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
pyruvic acid | the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis |
NADH | the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration |
anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
aerobic respiration | the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADPH is used to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen |
glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to NAD+ and reduced to NADH |
fermentation | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
lactic acid fermentation | the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product |
alcoholic fermentation | the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol |
kilocalorie | a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calorie |
mitochondrial matrix | the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
acetyl CoA | acetyl coenzyme A, a compound that is synthesized by cells and that plays a major role in metabolism |
Krebs cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy |
oxaloacetic acid | a four-carbon compound of Krebs cycle that combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid |
citric acid | a six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle |
FAD | flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions |