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AICE Biology
Homeostasis and Kidney
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 info transfers | Nerves (electrical impulses) Hormones (chemical messengers in blood) |
| The 3 factors for homeostasis | Temperature, water potential, concentration of glucose |
| Effect of temperature | low= slows down metabolism high= denatures proteins |
| effect of water potential | water gain or loss by osmosis |
| effect of concentration of glucose | fuel for respiration. too little= no ATP too much= change in water potential |
| What is negative feedback loop | used to maintain homeostatic equilibrium. Decrease of parameter, wants it to stop. Rise in parameter results in a rxn pathway that decreases parameter. |
| What is positive feedback | Very few instances. Does not keep homeostasis. Will keep a parameter increasing or decreasing in single direction |
| Excretion | Removal of unwanted waste product. Many metabolic rxns in body produce this waste. |
| What are the 2 major excretory products | urea and carbon dioxide |
| Carbon dioxide is produced | produced continuously by aerobically respiring cells. |
| How is CO2 transported | via blood |
| Urea is produced | produced in liver from excess amino acids |
| how is urea transported | transported to kidneys, dissolved in water and excreted as urine. |
| what is Deamination | Excess protein which cannot be stored. |
| Where does this occur and what happens with deamination | In liver cells. amine group (-NH2) of amino acid is removed w/ a H atom to produce ammonia (NH3). |
| What happens to remainder of amino acids | it is a keto acid and it may go to the Kerbs cycle and be respired converted to glucose or stored as glycogen. |
| What does urea come from | ammonia |
| What is urea | the main nitrogenous excretory product of humans. |
| Kidneys receive blood from | renal artery |
| kidneys returns blood to | renal vein |
| What is the ureter | narrow tube which carries urine from bladder to outside the body. |
| what is the urethra | single tube that carries urine from bladder to outside the body |
| What are the three main areas of the kideny | capsule, cortex, medulla |
| what is the capsule | tough outer covering |
| what is the cortex | outer portion of kidney |
| what is the medulla | central area of kidney |
| glomerulus is supplied with blood from what and that becomes | renal artery which becomes afferent arteriole |
| what is the efferent arteriole | capillaries which lead off to form a network of capillaries which are close to nephron. |
| The 2 stage process to making urine | 1. ultrafiltration small mole. out of blood and into the bowman's capsule. 2. reabsorption by taking back any useful mole. form fluid in nephron. |
| What is selective reabsorption | when only certain substances are reabsorbed. |
| what is the glomerular filtration rate | rate at which fluid filters from the blood in glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule |
| What is osmoregulation | the control of water potential of body fluids |
| What does brain part does osmoregulation involve | the hypothalamus |
| what are the specialized sensory neurons called in hypothalamus | osmoreceptors |
| What adaptations do cuboidal epithelial cells have | microvilli, tight junctions, a lot of mitochondria, and co transporter proteins |
| What are microvilli | they increase the surface area of cuboidal epithelial cells of inner surface by facing the lumen |
| What purpose does tight junctions of cuboidal epithelial cells serve | they hold the adjacent cells together so fluid cannot pass between the cells. all substances that are re absorbed must go through the cell. |
| what is the purpose of having a lot of mitochondria in the cuboidal epithelial cells | they provide energy for Na+-K+ pump proteins in outer membranes of cells. |
| what purpose do co transporter proteins serve in cuboidal epithelial cells | they face the lumen and help with transport of substances. |
| Descending limb of loop of henle = | water escaping |
| ascending limb of loop henle= | water cannot escape |
| What is ADH | antidiuretic hormone and it is a 9 amino acid peptide hormone. |
| What is the effect of ADH | it reduces the loss of water in urine by making kidneys reabsorb the maximum amount of water. |
Created by:
jcore
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