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Cogs17 Final Review
Cogs17 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Connecting to the SAME side vs. connecting to the OPPOSITE side | Ipsilateral / Contralateral |
| Towards the sides vs. toward the middle | Lateral / Medial |
| Towards the stomach or the bottom of the human head vs. towards the back or the top of the human head | Ventral / Dorsal |
| A structure above another vs. one below another | Superior / Inferior |
| Planes through head as seen from the front vs. the side vs. above | Coronal / Saggital / Horizontal |
| Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus and the eye | Diencephalon |
| Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, etc. | Telencephaon |
| Hindbrain structure, controls vital reflexes | Medulla |
| Hindbrain structure, acts as bridge between Hindbrain and higher centers | Pons |
| Hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided, timed movements | Cerebellum |
| Network of cells moving through hind- and mid-brain, involved in arousal | Reticular Formation |
| Core strip of cells through hind-and mid-brain, involved in sleep | Raphe System |
| Midbrain structure involved in motor processes | Tegmentum |
| Midbrain structure involved in sensory processes, includes Superior (visual) and Inferior (auditory) Colliculi | Tectum |
| Forebrain structure, oversees 4Fs, temperature, clock; communicates with and through the endrocrine system | Hypothalamus |
| Forebrain structure, "Master Gland", stimulated by Hypothalamus | Pituitary Gland |
| Forebrain structure, a principal stop along most sensory pathways | Thalamus |
| A set of forebrain structures involved in motivation and emotional expression | Limbic System |
| Forebrain structure, involved in the formation of new memories | Hippocampus |
| Forebrain structure, associated especially with anger and fear | Amygdala |
| Forebrain structure, layer mediating between cortex and lower systems, especially for socio-emotional evaluation | Cingulate Gyrus |
| Forebrain structure, receives smell info from olfactory receptors | Olfactory Bulb |
| Forebrain structure including Caudate Nucleus, Putamen & Globus Pallidus, involved in control of movement | Basal Ganglia |
| Forebrain structure including Nucleus Basalis, involved in arousal and attention | Basal Forebrain |
| Forebrain structure, outer "bark" of brain, 6-layered, highly convoluted | Cerebral Cortex |
| Set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum |
| Lobe of the cortex, posterior, primarily involved in visual processing, including V1 (Striate Cortex) | Occipital Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex, lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (e.g. A1 and Wernicke's) and higher visual (IT) | Temporal Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex posterior to the Central Sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and visio-spatial maps | Parietal Lobe |
| Lobe of the cortex anterior to Central Sulcus, motor control including Broca's Area and, in Prefrontal Area,strategy & self control | Frontal Lobe |
| Part of the CNS other than the brain | Spinal Cord |
| Part of the Spinal Cord through which sensory info enters. vs. through which motor info exits | Dorsal Root / Ventral Root |
| "Law" governing above directions of information flow | Bell-Magendie Law |
| Area of the Spinal Cord (as seen in cross-section) consisting of soma vs. of myelinated axons | Grey / White Matter |
| Tube through core of Spinal Cord containing fluid | Central Canal |
| Four hollow chambers (plus aqueducts) in brain that produce the fluid that feeds, cleans and cushions brain | Ventricles |
| Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS | Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
| Three-layered (Dura-, Fluid-filled Arachnoid- and Pia-Mater) protective covering that surrounds CNS | Meninges |
| Semi-permeable barrier, controls what chemicals enter brain, created by closing gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells | Blood Brain Barrier |
| That part of the PNS that is responsible for the body's interaction with the environment | Somatic Nervous System |
| That part of the PNS that is responsible for assessing and maintaining the body's internal environment | Autonomic Nervous System |
| That part of the ANS that produces the "fight or flight" response vs. that which facilitates relaxation and replenishment | Sympathetic / Parasympathetic NS |
| Extreme compensatory response of one system to extreme activation of the other - can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death | Parasympathetic Rebound |
| Cells in the Nervous System responsible for information transmission | Neurons |
| Cells in the Nervous System responsible for support, feeding, recycling, development, etc | Glial cells |
| Organelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to much neural functioning | Ribosomes |
| Organelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active (vs. passive) funcitons in cell | Mitochondria |
| Processes (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message vs. the one that releases the outgoing message | Dendrites / Axon |
| Difference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside a cell vs. a difference in charge inside/outside a cell | Concentration / Electical Gradient |
| Symbols for 4 key chemical elements in neural functioning - including 3 positive ions, 1 negative ion | Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- |
| Name for and amount of difference in charge inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in a polarized cell ready to fire | Resting Potential (-70mV) |
| Energy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane potential after cell fires | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| A sequence of depolarization that moves along an axon, resulting in the all-or-nothing release of NT | Action Potential |
| Section of axon where depolarization sequence begins | Axon Hillock |
| A greater or lesser change in the polarity of a neuron that results in a greater or lesser release of NT | Graded Potential |
| Propagation of info down an axon by way of chemical gates opening/closing vs. by flow of electrons | Ionic / Electrical Conduction |
| "Jumping" electrical conduction that occurs in myelinated axons | Saltatory Conduction |
| Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission | Myelination |
| Gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Disease that destroys myelin; no ion gates under sheath so neuron cannot fire | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) |
| Period following an Action Potential during which the cell cannot (or is more difficult to) fire | Refractory Period |
| The event in which one cell releases NT and that NT affects another cell | Synapse |
| The gap between cells across which NT passively floats | Synaptic Cleft |
| The cell that releases the NT vs. the cell that receives the NT | Pre- / Post Synaptic Cell |
| The end of the axon from which NT is released, also called "button" or "end bulb" | Pre-Synaptic Terminal |
| Packets of NT released by a neuron | Vesicles |
| The release of NT into cleft via its packet opening at a Fusion Pore in the cell's membrane | Exocytosis |
| Area, usually on a dendrite, that is specialized for the attachment of NT | Receptor Site |
| An increase vs. a decrease in a cell's likelihood of releasing neurotransmitter | EPSP / IPSP |
| Less polarized, less difference between inside of cell and outside of cell vs. more difference | Hyper / Hypo-Polarization |
| Cumulative effect of the activity of multiple Presynaptic cells; Can be temporal or spatial | Summation |
| When NT has direct effect on ion channels in Postsynaptic cell vs. indirect effects via internal metabolic processes | Ionotropic / Metabotropic |
| Chemical in Postsynaptic cell involved in energy-requiring processes (including altering ion channels) triggered by NT | Second Messenger |
| Chemicals released by Presynaptic cells that directly affect local Postsynaptic cells vs. ones that widely influence neural activity | Neuro-transmitters / -modulators |
| Chemical (endogenous or man-made) that acts to facilitate (via imitation or enhancement) vs. to block the effects of specific NTs | Agonist / Antagonist |
| Process by which NTs or their components re-enter the Presynaptic cell for re-use. | Reuptake |
| Enzyme in cleft that breaks down Acetylcholine | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Site on Presynaptic terminal that reacts to that cell's own NT, usually acting to turn off/down that cell's further NT release | Auto-Receptors |
| Synapses at Presynaptic terminal that reacts to NT from other cell, excitatory or inhibitory | Axoaxonic Synapses |
| Epinepherine (Adrenalin), Testosterone, Estrogen, Oxytocin, Insulin, Cortisol | 6 Hormones |
| Acetylcholine | ACh Acetylcholine |
| Dopamine | DA Dopamine |
| Serotonin | 5-HT Serotonin |
| Norepinepherin | NE Norepinepherin |
| Adrenalin | Epinepherine |
| Glutamate | Glutamate |
| GABA | GABA |
| Substance P | Substance P |
| Endorphins | Endorphins |
| In the new embryo, the outermost layer of cells - becomes the nervous system and skin | Ectoderm |
| In the growing (wormlike) embryo, the surface along the back that thickens and hardens | Neural Plate |
| A pair of ridges all along the above that begin to curl towards each other | Neural Folds |
| The long hollow chamber that is formed when the above meet and fuse, inner surface becomes the CNS | Neural Tube |
| Outer surface of the above ridges that separate off and become the PNS | Neural Crest |
| A pathological condition involving a failure of the edges above to completely fuse, leading to birth defects or death | Spina Bifida |
| The original type of cells in this area that undergo division to populate nervous system | Stem Cells |
| Cell division that produces two identical offspring vs. produces one identical and one new (neuron or glial) cell | Symmetrical / Asymmetrical Division |
| An early type of glial cell that extends its processes out like wheel spokes for the developing neurons to migrate along | Radial Glia |
| Glia cells that are positioned to direct growing axons towards their target cells | Guidepost cells |
| Cell Death as determined by "suicide genes" that cause developing neurons to package their contents & destroy themselves | Apotosis |
| Chemicals that attract/repel Axon growth, help prevent cell death, and/or promote Axonal branching | Neurotrophins |
| One type of the above, from muscles & organs, that promotes survival and growth of axons in the brain and Sympathetic NS | Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) |
| Newly formed axonal branch that replaces another (that has died off) at a synapse | Collateral sprout |
| New outgrowths on, or subdividing of, the processes that receive NT, in response to an enriched enviornment, learning, etc. | Dendritic spines / branching |
| The production of new cells | Proliferation |
| The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position | Migration |
| The formation of new synapses | Synaptogenesis |
| A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells | Fire together > Wire together |
| The production of new cells | Proliferation |
| The movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position | Migration |
| The formation of new synapses | Synaptogenesis |
| A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells | Fire together > Wire together |
| When multiple pre-synaptic cells all communicate to one post-synaptic cell | Convergence (or Summation) |
| When one presynaptic cell communicates to many post-synaptic cells | Divergence |
| Set of receptors whose actitvity influences the activity of target cell | Receptive Field |
| Type of above: stimulating center increases target response, non-center decreases it | Excitatory Center- Inhibitory Surround |
| Type of map that preserves spatial relaitonships (as along a sensory surface) | Topological |
| In cortex, disproportionate enlargement of the rep. of a sensory area of low convergence | Magnification |
| An area of the brain specialized for processing one particular type of information | Module |
| The problem posed by having several of the above, and yet perceiving wholes | The Binding Problem |
| Rear layers of neurons in the eyeball | Retina |
| Cells that respond to light; show spontaneous, graded release of inhibitory NT | Receptors (Rods & Cones) |
| Above that are convergent, sensitive to motion & low light, mainly in periphery | Rods |
| Above that connect few:1, sensitive to color & detail, dispersed plus conc'd in center | Cones |
| Central area of above receptor types only, connected 1:1 for highest acuity | Fovea |
| Next cell in pathway, spontaneous, graded potentials, release excitatory NT | Bipolars |
| Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in color opponency | Horizontals |
| Next cell in pathway, action potentials, release excitatory NT | Ganglions |
| Formed of axons of the above | Optic Nerve |
| Place where above leaves eye for brain, also called "Blind Spot" | Optic Disc |
| Inter-neurons that modify reaction of above, implicated in contrast effects | Amacrines |
| Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from receptors | Dim |
| Level of light (bright vs. dim?) that results in greatest release of NT from bipolars | Bright |
| High-detail discrimination, as from low convergence, that retains info on diffs | Acuity |
| High likelihood of detection, as from high convergence that crosses next cell's threshold | Sensitivity |
| Cell activity resulting in release of inhibitory NT to cells orthogonal to info pathway | Lateral Inhibition |
| Illusion created by above that alters perception of central grey depending on its surround | Simultaneous Contrast |
| Direction of inhibition (uni- or bi-directional?) in direction-senstive motion circuit | Uni-directional |
| Nucleus in Thalamus that processes most visual information from eye | Lateral Geniculate Nuc or LGN |
| In cortex, set of cells, in 6 layers, that all respond to the same preferred stimulus | Column |
| In cortex, set of cells that all have same RF and include set of orientation cols & blobs | Hyper-Column |
| Topological map that preserves spatial relationships found on Retina | Retinotopic Map |
| Primary Projection area for vision in Occipital Lobe of cortex | A1 or Striate Cortex |
| Visual pathway specialized for color and detail, that "flows" along bottom of cortex | Parvocellular Pathway |
| Above also called...because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Temporal Pathway |
| Above also called…because it conveys info that helps you to identify a stimulus or individual | What/Who Pathway |
| Small ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with small RFs & sustained response | Parvocellular or X Ganglions |
| Visual pathway specialized for motion and localization,"flows" along top part of cortex | Magnocellular Pathway |
| Above also called …because it terminates in this lobe of the cortex | Parietal Pathway |
| Above also called…because it conveys info that helps locate & interact w/stimuli | Where/How Pathway |
| Large ganglion cells that begin this pathway, with large RFs & transient response | Magnocellular or Y Ganglions |
| Nucleus in Midbrain in this path, processes some visual (esp motion) info from eye | Superior Colliculus |
| Tho vis cortex damaged & no visual experience, midbrain enables some vis localization | Blindsight |
| Color coding per ratio of activity of 3 cone types reponding to 3 overlapping ranges of freqs | Trichromatic Color Vision |
| Recoding of above, via lateral inhibition from Horizontal cells, into Red/Green & Blue/Yellow | Color Opponency |
| LGN or Ganglions with R+G-, G+R-, B+Y- or Y+B- receptive fields | Opponent Cells |
| V4-mediated process that enables ID of color under diff light conditions (AKA "Retinex Theo") | Color Constancy |
| Cells in V1 that respond to line, or gradient, oriented in particular direction | Simple Cells |
| Cells in V2 that give best response to moving lines of particular orientation | Complex Cells |
| Number of dark/light changes per degree of visual angle | Spatial Frequencies |
| Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Parvo path are most sensitive to | High Frequency |
| Frequency gradients (high vs. low?) that V1 cells in Magno path are most sensitive to | Low Frequency |
| End of Parvo pathway, includes cells that prefer hand, face, other complex stim | Inferior Temporal or IT |
| Deficit from damage to Fusiform Gyrus, patient cannot recognize familiar faces | Prosopagnosia |
| Cortex with direction-sensitive cells, responds best to stimulus moving across retina | MT |
| Cort4x with optic-flow detectors that repond best to contraction/expansion of whole scene | MST |
| In V2 or MT, cells that respond to degrees of diff between location of an image on 2 retina | Disparity Detectors |
| Membrane vibrated by air molecules moving down Auditory Canal | Tympanic Membrane |
| Three tiny bones linked into lever system, amplify vibrations of above | Ossicles |
| Membrane vibrated by third bone above, initiating vibration of… | Oval Window |
| Thick, incompressible, potassium-rich fluid that fills… | Cochlear Fluid |
| Coiled, three-chambered tube in Inner Ear which contains… | Cochlea |
| Section of central chamber where Receptor Cells are found | Organ of Corti |
| Membrane that runs along floor of above structure, moves up and down | Basilar Mambrane |
| Membrane that runs along roof of above structure, moves forward & back | Tectorial Membrane |
| Auditory receptor cells that are deformed between the above two membranes | Hair Cells |
| Tiny "hairs" extending from above cells whose deformation initiates transduction | Cillia |
| Ion that enters receptor, descreasing its polarity | K+ |
| Ion that enters receptor, causing chain reaction that results in release of NT | Ca++ |
| NT released by auditory receptors | Glutamate |
| Type of change in polarity in receptors (graded vs. action potential?) | Graded Potential |
| Cells to which Receptors communicate, whose axons exit to brain | Spiral Ganglions or ANFs |
| Type of change in polarity in these cells (graded vs. action potential?) | Action Potential |
| Relative levels of activity across differentially-resonating Bas. Memb. code freq | Place Coding |
| Rate of oscillation of Bas. Membrane codes freq per rate of Auditory Nerve Firing | Temporal Coding |
| Time during which Auditory Nerve Fibers cannot fire next Action Potential | Refractory Period |
| Since each above can only fire 1/1000sec, must work together at alt. intervals | Volley Principle |
| Ganglions involved in above can all only fire at the same phase (e.g.) peak of input wave. | Phase Locked |
| Diffs used for localization, caused by "head shadow" attenuating high freqs | Amplitude Differences |
| Diffs used for localization, comparing peak & trough of lower frequencies | Phase Differences |
| Diffs used for localization, per race of left vs. right Onset signals to Superior Olive | Timing Differences |
| Receptor Cells that show divergent connectivity, for detail freq discrimination | Inner Hair Cells |
| Receptor Cells that show convergent connectivity, for loudness discrimination | Outer Hair Cells |
| Axons of next cells in path form this nerve | Auditory Nerve |
| Above is part of (?) Cranial Nerve | 8th Cranial Nerve |
| Next synapse in Medulla, beginning of separate information pathways | Cochlear Nucleus |
| Cell in above nucleus that duplicates the incoming signal | Primary Like Cell |
| Above helps generate what kind of map that reps low>high frequency across cell array | Tonotopic Map |
| Cell in above nucleus that transforms incoming signal into a transient burst | Onset Cell |
| Cell in above that transforms incoming signal into one of graded, increasing amp | Build Up Cell |
| When information from only one ear is involved, as in the above | Monaural |
| When info from both ears is combined, good for localization, as in the following… | Binaural |
| Next auditory site, also in Medulla, responsible for Orienting Reflex | Superior Olive |
| Next auditory site, in Midbrain, where info integrated with visual at nearby site | Inferior Colliculus |
| Next auditory site, in Thalamus, site of among other things… | Medial Geniculate Nuc or MGN |
| Primary Projection Area for audition, in Temporal Lobe of cortex | A1 |
| Secondary Auditory area in cortex | A2 |
| Area with critical role in the comprehension of speech, in left hemisphere | Wernicke's Area |
| Type of complex auditory input processed by higher auditory centers in right hemi. | Music |
| Type of receptor cells in Vestibular system | Hair Cells |
| Ion, when not/allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity | K+ |
| Changes in velocity & orientation alter this kind of firing rate | Spontaneous Firing Rate |
| Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals | Otolith Organ |
| Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration | Semi-Circular Canals |
| Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info | Motion Sickness |
| Cranial nerve (?) shared with audition | 8th Cranial Nerve |
| Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch and hair follicle movement | Free Nerve Endings |
| Receptors in above class that respond to "noxious" (potentially damaging) stimuli | Nociceptors |
| Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement | Encapsulated Endings |
| Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs | Proprioception |
| Type of response by above type of receptors (graded or action potentials?) | Action Potentials |
| Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding | Selective Adaptation |
| Nucleus of Thalamus in somatosensory pathway | Ventral Posterior Nuc or VPN |
| Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord | Spinal Thalamic Pathway |
| Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in Brainstem | Medial Lemniscal Pathway |
| Which of above paths tends to be myelinated | MLP |
| When damage to one side of spine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides | Brown-Sequard Sndrome |
| Location of Primary Projection Area (S1) for somatosensory info | Post-Central Gyrus |
| Name of topological map of body surface found there | Penfield Map |
| Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map | Hands and Mouth |
| Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway | Substance P |
| Theory concerning the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain | Gate Theory |
| Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking | Peri-Aquaductal Grey or PAG |
| "Endogenous morphines" released by above | Endorphins |
| Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to above input | Inhibitory Interneuron (SG) |
| Opiate antagonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine & acupuncture | Naloxone |
| Type of muscle, made of parallel fibes, attached by tendons to bones | Striate Muscles |
| One type of above, that moves bone toward body, in antagonistic pair with… | Flexors |
| …other type, that moves bone away from body | Extensors |
| Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction | Neuro-Muscular Junction |
| Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles | Acetylcholine ACh |
| The contractile unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of… | Sarcomere |
| Thick protein filament with knobby bead-like Cross Bridges along it, and… | Myosin |
| Thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that above hook into & tighten | Actin |
| A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle, triggering… | Spindle |
| A mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch | Stretch Reflex |
| A reflex triggered by Tendon Organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle | Golgi Reflex |
| A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain | Pain Withdrawal Reflex |
| A reflex involving an Oscillator Circuit producing a fixed-rate rhythm | Scratch Reflex |
| Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns | Infant Reflexes |
| Area of cortex that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord | Primary Motor Cortex |
| Location of above | Pre-Central Gyrus |
| Anterior to above, active during preparation to move, receives esp from Visua-Spatial areas | Premotor Cortex |
| Above includes cells that respond to image of self, or other, performing familiar manual task | Mirror Cells |
| Lateral area that plans articulation, helps generate gramatical sentences (esp in left hemi) | Broca's Area |
| Dorsal to above, also active during prep, esp for rapid moves, receives from Parietal | Supplementary Motor Cortex |
| Fast, crossing paths from Pyramids in cortex, esp. for precise control of peripheral moves | Cortico-Spinal Pathway |
| Above stops at this Midbrain structure on way from Cortex to Medulla & Cord | Red Nucleus (of Tegmentum) |
| Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture & gross movement of neck, shoulders & trunk | Ventro-Medial Pathway |
| "Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing | Cerebellum |
| Movements that occur very rapidly & generally cannot be altered once begun | Ballistic |
| "Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance | Purkinje Cells |
| "Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT | Parallel Fibers |
| Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to Brain/Cord | Deep Nuclei |
| Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, & smooth movement | Basal Ganglia |
| Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors etc, from degeneration of… | Parkinson's Disease |
| Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia | Substantia Nigra |
| Precursor of dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine | L-Dopa |
| EEG while awake/active, 18-24 Hz, Very high freq, very desynchronized | Beta Activity |
| EEG while awake/relaxed, 8-12 Hz, Like above, somewhat more sync’d | Alpha Activity |
| EEG during Sleep I, 4-7 Hz, Lower freq, still quite irregular, more sync'd | Theta Activity |
| EEG during Sleep 3(&4), <4 Hz in less (&more) than 50% , Very low freq, very high voltage, very sync’d | Delta Activity |
| During Sleep 2, 2 types of intermittent bursts of high freq or voltage, as brain settles into deeper sleep | Spindle and K Complex |
| Another term for Sleep 3 & 4, re: its low frequency EEG and highly synchronized activity | Slow Wave Sleep |
| Stage of Sleep associated with dreams | REM (Rapid Eye Movement) |
| Another name for above due to its contradictory nature (active, desynch'd brain, but paralyzed body) | Paradoxical Sleep |
| Condition in which Pons suppresses motor signals sent to Cord, so muscle action prohibited | Atonia |
| Sequence of activation in Pons => (Lateral) Geniculate => Occipital Cortex that initiates dream sleep | PGO Wave |
| Excitatory neurotransmitter released by above to desychronize brain | ACh |
| Duration ( minutes) of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, “Dream” sleep | 90 Minutes |
| Condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter “Dream” sleep more frequently | REM Rebound |
| Location in Hypothalamus of Circadian Clock | Suprachiasmatic Nuc (SCN) |
| “Time Giver”, a stimulus, such a bright sunlight, that can reset Circadian Clock | Zeitgeber |
| Path of Optic Nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock | Retino-Hypothalamic Path |
| Gland that produces a hormone that impacts on Hypothalamus to increase sleepiness | Pineal Gland |
| The hormone mentioned above, which can also be taken as a sleep aid. | Melatonin |
| Forebrain structure (anterior & dorsal to Hypothal) that modifies arousal in cortex | Basal Forebrain |
| Neurotransmitter released by above that increases cortical arousal | ACh |
| Neurotransmitter released by above that decreases cortical arousal | GABA |
| Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of above excitatory NT, promotes sleep | Adenosine |
| Stimulant that blocks receptors for above, allowing continued cortical arousal | Caffeine |
| Nucleus of Hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temperature) | PreOptic Area |
| Structure in Pons whose functions include shutting off REM sleep | Raphe Nuclei |
| Neurotransmitter released by above nuclei; very low in Slow Wave Sleep, very high at the end of REM | Serotonin (5HT) |
| “Net” from Medulla & Pons, for widespread arousal of Forebrain, esp Thalamus and Basal Forebrain | Reticular Formation |
| Two neurotransmitters released by above, to alert brain | ACh and Glutamate |
| (“Dark Blue Place”) An arousal center, active during new tasks , vigilance, memory formation | Locus Coeruleus |
| Neurotransmitter released by above, absent during dreams; Amphetamines are antagonists for this NT | Norepinepherine (NE) |
| Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy vs. on behavior | Organizing vs. Activating |
| Class of reproductive hormones found in greater proportion in Females vs. in Males | Estrogens vs. Androgens |
| Sex chromosomes typical of Females vs. Males, which help determine gender | XX vs. XY |
| Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of internal reproductive organs of Males vs. Females | Wolffian vs. Muellerian |
| A Male hormone, produced by testes, responsible for development of Male anatomy and behavior | Testosterone |
| Another Male hormone that inhibits development of Female system of internal ducts | Anti-Muellerian Hormone |
| Enzyme produced by “switch” on Male chromosome that leads to the development of gender | Testis-Determining Factor (TDF) |
| Condition in which genetic-male fetus does not respond to Male hormones and thus develops as Female | Androgen-Insensitivity |
| Condition in which fetus lacks Y Chromosome, develops internally & externally as infertile Female | Turner’s Syndrome |
| A Female hormone, (similar to Testosterone) that, once inside fetal cells, promotes Male development | Estradiol |
| Chemical in fetal bood that prevents mother’s hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinizing fetus | Apha-Fetoprotein |
| Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Male hormones, esp active during Male sexual behavior | Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) |
| Above includes this nucleus which is 2.5X larger in Males than Females | Sexually Dimorphic Nuc (SDN) |
| Part of above nucleus that is smaller in both Females and Homosexual Males | INAH3 |
| Area of Hypothalamus w/receptor sites for Female hormones, esp active during Female sexual behavior | Ventro-Medial H. (VMH), |
| Fibers connecting cortical hemispheres which is thicker in Females, who are thus less-lateralized | Corpus Callosum |
| Hormones released by Hypothalamus causing Anterior Pituitary to release its reproductive hormones | Gonadotropin-Releasing (GnRH) |
| Two Gonadotropic hormones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders | LH and FSH |
| Male hormone released by Female Adrenal Glands, stimulates secondary hair growth & sexual behavior | Androstenedione |
| Area near Basal Forebrain associated with the sensation of sexual pleasure | Nucleus Accumbens |
| Neurotransmitter released by above area in response to sexual stimulation | Dopamine |
| Hormone released by Posterior Pituitary at time of orgasm | Oxytocin |
| Hormone released by Anterior Pituitary for refractory period in Males and milk production in Females | Prolactin |
| Part of Tegmentum active especially in Females during sex | Periaqueductal Gray Area |
| Neurotransmitter released by above area, including to supress potential for pain | Endorphins |
| Theory that suggests emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to arousal and assoc'd behavior | James-Lange Theory |
| Theory: Once threat perceived (via Thalamus), emotion is simultaneous ANS activity & subjective experience | Cannon-Bard Theory |
| Update of above that includes Limbic Syustem in circuit | Papez Circuit |
| Theory: Emotion is interaction between cognitive appraisal and autonomic/limbic activity | Schater-Singer Theory |
| Key Limbic structure implicated in interpreting valenced situations and coordinating an emotional response | Amygdala |
| Area of above, when stimulated, promotes attack | Corticomdial Area |
| Area of above responsible for coordinating Startle Reflex | Lateral Nuclei |
| Areas of above involved in Coniditioned Fear and subsequent enhancement of Startle Reflex | Central & Basolateral Nuclei |
| Degenerative calcium buildup in Amygdala that results in deficits in interpreting facial expressions | Urbach-Weith Disease |
| Area of cortex, w/reciprocal connections to Amygdala, involved in expressing, inhibiting & reading emotion | Prefrontal Cortex |
| Famous patient with damage to above area from accident during building railway | Phineas Gage |
| Capacity to attribute mental states to others, prob. mediated by late-developing Prefrontal-Amygdala links | Theory of Mind |
| Prefrontal assessment of negative situation one is powerless to affect, can lead to Parasym-rebound ulcers | Helplessness |
| Vetral, medial area of above cortical region involved in facial expression and (taste) reaction of disgust | Anterior Insula |
| Result of damage in above area involving deficit in ability to spontaneously smile | Emotional Facial Paresis |
| Result of damage to Motor Cortex for facial region that involves in deficit in voluntarily showing teeth | Volitional Facial Paresis |
| Common task used in lab to assess risk aversion | Gambling Task |
| NT whose low turnover level (per metabolite 5-HIAA levels) assoc'd w/impulsiveness, aggression & depression | Serotonin |
| Excitatory NT associated with enhanced Startle Reflex | CCK |
| Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- inons into cells, whose agonists (Valium, Xanax) are used to combat anxiety | GABA |
| Rule of Conditioning: Event assoc'd with + (vs. -) reinforcement will (vs. not) be repeated | Law of Effect |
| Developed association between stimuli, especially involving an unconditioned response | Classical Conditioning |
| Developed association between stimulus and response | Operant Conditioning |
| Co-activated neural circuits presumably involved in learning and retrieval of associations | Hebbian Cell Assemblies |
| Physical changes in cells involved in above, associated with learning | Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
| Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described | Hippocampus |
| Type NT involved in above | Glutamate |
| Type of receptor site for above NT that is ionotropic and easy to stimulate | AMPA |
| Type of receptor site for above NT that is difficult to stimulate, & often requires above to first hypo-polarize cell | NMDA |
| Type of ion that blocks ion gate of above receptor site | Mg++ |
| Type of receptor site that above can change into, after repeated co-activity in a circuit | AMPA |
| One kind of change to dendrite structure that results in an increase in surface area and thus of available sites | Dendritic Branching |
| Act by post-synaptic cell membrane that results in division of "active zone" of pre-synaptic terminal | Perforation |
| DNA transcribed to RNS translated to Protein production that increases likelihood of neural activity | Genetic changes |
| Rare (except in Hippocampus) generation of new neurons associated with learning | Neurogenesis |
| Recall of specific locations, spatial judgments of familiarity | Spatial Memory |
| Area of brain in which above process has been well studied/described | Hippocampus |
| Motor Skill, How to do it (peck a target, ride a bike) | Procedural Memory |
| Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described | Cerebellum & Striatum |
| Episodic (personal history) & Semantic/Associative (facts) memory | Declarative Memory |
| Areas of brain in which above process has been well studied/described | Hippo. & Mediodorsal Thal |
| Types of cells found in Hippocampus whose activity becomes associated with particular parts of a familiar env | Place Cells |
| The type of map formed by a subject who gets to know the spatial layout of a particular environment | Cognitive Map |
| Subsection of above hindbrain area associated with conditioning of "eye blink" response | Lateral Imterpositus (LIP) |
| Area of Tegmentum (in midrain) that also plays a role in "eye blink" response | Red Nucleus |
| Task requiring application of rule "Pick alternative that is the same as the sample stimulus" | Match to Sample |
| Area leasioned in rats caused impairment on above task | Hippocampus |
| Area that projects to Prefrontal Cortex, implicated in declarative memory | Mediodorsal Thalamus |
| Area of Cortex associated with "working memory", especially when response delays are involved | Prefrontal Cortex |
| Syndrome, from B1 deficiency via chronic alcoholism, that esp affects cells of above area | Korsakoff's Syndrome |
| Type of memory deficit most commonly associated with above | Anterograde Amnesia |
| Symptom of above involving "tale-telling" in which imagination not distinguished from knowledge | Confabulation |
| Famous patient with damage to Hippocampus & other temporal areas. Symptoms include… | H.M. |
| Deficit in ability to generate new ("consolidate") memories | Anterograde Amnesia |
| Type of learning/memories above patient unable to form | Declarative Memory |
| Above patient did NOT show deficits in this type of learning/memory | Procedural Memory |
| Limbic structure that plays a role in learning such as "Conditioned Fear", and in arousal to "taboo" | Amygdala |
| Deficit in ability to recognize (remember) faces | Prosopagnosia |
| Area of brain associated with above, where presumably relevant data are "stored" | Inferior Temporal Cortex |
| Area of brain where well-learned voices, words are "stored" | Dorsal Temporal Cortex |
| Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other for particular functions | Lateralization |
| Test in which one hemisphere is anesthetized to test for capacity/speed of processing of other | Wada Test |
| Area in left temporal cortex larger in most humans (& some other primates), assoc'd with language processing | Planum Temporale |
| Cognitive principle that like-disrupts-like (e.g. left hemisphere activated by language>>slower rt hand response) | Interference |
| Main bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres | Corpus Callosum |
| Patient in whom above connections have been severed (as in treatment for Epilepsy) | Split-Brain Patient |
| Additional inter-hemisphere connection, between anterior cortex, esp of temporal lobes | Anterior Commisure |
| Hemisphere dominant for most language processing | Left Hemisphere |
| Area associated with language production | Broca's Area |
| Location of this area | Frontal Cortex (Lateral Premotor) |
| Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area | Broca's (or Productive) Aphasia |
| One type of difficulty in above, in which speech is slow and halting | Atriculation |
| Another deficit involving word order and the use of syntax markers | Agrammatism |
| The fixed class of terms that organize syntactical relations such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc. | Closed Class Terms |
| Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the above class | Anomia |
| Deficit in one aspect of the "language of the deaf" associated with the above | Sign Language Production |
| Area associated with language comprehension | Wernicke's Area |
| Location of this area | Temporal Cortex (Dorso-Posterior) |
| Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area | Wernicke's (or Receptive) Aphasia |
| Unlabored speech, with normal prosody, as seen in above | Fluency |
| Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the class below | Anomia |
| Open (changeable) class of terms that includes nouns and verbs | Content Terms |
| Deficit in which patient cannot understand spoken words at all (even if can read or write) | Pure Word Deafness |
| Deficit involving using irrelevant or made-up words | Nonsensical Speech |
| Aspect of language of the deaf NOT affected by damage to the above area | Sign Language Comprehension |
| Cortical area in which damage would result in affecting above language of the deaf | Parietal Lobe |
| Fibers that connect the above areas involved in production and comprehension of speech | Arcuate Fasiculus |
| Type of aphasia associated with damage to this area | Conduction Aphasia |
| Deficit in which similar sounding words, but with different meanings, are substituted during attempt to repeat | Phonemic Paraphasia |
| Aspect of working memory involving rehearsal that is probably important normal function of these connections | Phonological Loop |
| The following are specializations of this hemisphere | Right Hemisphere |
| Ability to get the "gist", to see the "larger picture", to organize narrative, etc. | Global Pattern Recognition |
| Abilites involved in learning, remembering and navigating environments | Spatial Abilities |
| Abilites involved in facial and nonverbal expression and interpretation | Socio-Emotional |
| Domain in which above abilites come into play in the aesthetic organization of sound | Music |
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