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Plant Test 2
C
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leaves | Primary plant organ produced by a primary meristem that perform photosynthesis |
| True leaves | Megaphylls |
| Clonal analysis | Insert genes into marker cells and tracking which daughter cells developed from them |
| Marker cell | Cell with inserted genes |
| Chimeral meristems | Where marker cells are dividing |
| Where do leaves initiate | L1, L2, and L3 layers in peripheral meristem |
| How do leaves develop? | 5-100 founder cells into leaf buttress into leaf primordium into leaf |
| Founder cells | Cells that give rise to leaves (elongation) |
| Leaf buttress | Beginning of an outgrowth |
| Leaf primordium | Outgrowth with flat surface |
| Marginal meristems | Form blade of leaf (width) |
| What leaves don't have marginal meristems? | Pine needles |
| Marginal meristem in monocot | Encircles the stem |
| Stages of eudicot leaf development | P1 (youngest) - P6 (oldest) |
| Phyllotaxy | How leaves are arranged on stem |
| 3 types of phyllotaxy | Alternate, opposite, whorled |
| 2 types of alternate phyllotaxy | Helical and distichous |
| Helical | 45 or 90 degrees, spiral, reduces shading in shade plants |
| Distichous | 180 degrees, sun plants, elongation |
| Opposite | 2 leaves per node |
| Type of opposite phyllotaxy | Decussate |
| Dessucate | Spiral, reduces shading |
| Whorled | 3 or more leaves per node |
| Type of whorled phyllotaxy | Verticillate |
| What determines phyllotaxis? | Combination of classical and new model |
| Classical model | Hormone inhibitor prevents formation of leaf primordia |
| New model | Auxin (IAA) induces new primordia; primordia serve as sink and drain IAA from surrounding cells |
| IAA | Indole Acetic Acid |
| Petiole | Leaf stalk |
| Lamina | Leaf blade |
| Stipule | Reduced modified leaves at base of leaf |
| Early deciduous stipules | Fall off |
| Persistent stipules | Don't fall off |
| Sessile | Leaf with no petiole |
| Sheath | Portion of leaf blade that wraps around stem for support |
| Ligule | Keeps sheath from pulling apart |
| Abaxial | Lower leaf surface |
| Adaxial | Upper leaf surface |
| Simple leaf | Blade in one piece |
| Compound leaf | Blade broken into small units called leaflets |
| What plants have reticulate or netted veins? | Eudicots and Magnoliids |
| What plants have parallel veins? | Monocots |
| Major veins | Primary and secondary veins, cause bulge in epidermis |
| Minor veins | Tertiary and smaller veins |
| How do major veins develop? | Upward and outward from base to tip |
| How do minor veins develop? | From tip towards base |
| What's the difference between a leaf and a leaflet? | Leaves have axillary buds at base, leaflets don't |
| 3 types of compound leaves | Palmately, pinnately, bi-pinnately |
| Palmately compound | All leaflets originate from common point |
| Petiolule | Stalk of leaflet |
| Pinnately compound | Leaflets radiate out from central axis |
| Rachis | Area of central axis between leaflets |
| Bi-pinnately compound | Have secondary petiolule, secondary leaflet, and rachilla |
| Rachilla | Area of central axis between secondary leaflets |
| What is the dermal tissue in leaves? | Upper and lower epidermis |
| What is the ground tissue in leaves? | Mesophyll and bundle sheath |
| Mesophyll | All tissue between upper and lower epidermis |
| 4 characteristics of epidermis | Parenchyma cells, normally living at maturity, outer wall thickest, most lack chloroplast |
| How is the epidermis different in xerophytes? | Have secondary cell wall and are dead at maturity |
| Functions of epidermis | Prevent water loss, mechanical & chemical protection, support |
| Remiform | Kidney shaped guard cells found in eudicots and Magnoliids |
| Ostidform | Bone shaped guard cells found in monocots |
| Anomocytic | Epidermis with no guard cells or stomates, found in aquatic plants |
| Hypostomatic | Stomata on lower epidermis only |
| Amphistomatic | Stomata on upper and lower epidermis |
| Epistomatic | Stomata on upper epidermis only |
| Astomatic | No stomata |
| Hydrophytes | Guard cells found above, found in leaves on the water's surface |
| Mesophytes | Guard cells found equal |
| Xerophytes | Guard cells sunken below epidermis |
| Stomata crypt | Cavity in leaves lined with trichomes and stomates to reduce water loss |
| How do stomates open and close? | Increased water pressure in guard cells opens them, decreased pressure closes them |
| Types of mesophyll | Palisade and spongy |
| Palisade mesophyll | Elongated, primary site of photosynthesis, chlorenchyma with chloroplasts |
| 3 types of palisade mesophyll | Uniseriate, biseriate, triseriate |
| Spongy mesophyll | From bottom of palisade to lower epidermis, irregular shape, loose, fewer and smaller chloroplasts |
| Function of spongy mesophyll | Transport and sometimes storage |
| Bundle sheath | Layer(s) of parenchyma cells around a vein, irregular shape, tightly packed |
| Bilateral leaf | Palisade on both surfaces, bi- or triseriate upper and uniseriate lower |
| What plants have bilateral leaves? | Ones that grow on rocks or water and can absorb light reflected up from the surface beneath them |
| Plicate mesophyll | Weird shape, pines have it to preserve water |
| Bundle sheath extension | In minor veins only, parenchyma cells extend up and down to both epidermises |
| Function of bundle sheath extension | Support because it's tightly packed |
| Vein rib | Major veins, fiber &/or collenchyma extend up and down to epidermises for support |
| Uniformo-mesophyll | Not separated into palisade and spongy, has Kranz anatomy |
| Kranz anatomy | Orderly arrangement of mesophyll cells around large bundle sheath cells |
| Hypodermis | Layer(s) of cells just beneath epidermis |
| 4 characteristics of hypodermis | Originate from mesophyll, lack chloroplasts, usually contain tannins, tightly packed |
| Secretory canals | Specialized parenchyma cells that form canals in the mesophyll and contain resins |
| Idioblast | Cell in tissue that differs in form, size, or content from other cells in that tissue |
| 2 types of idioblasts | Crystals and sclereids |
| Where is xylem in relation to phloem in leaves? | Xylem is always above phloem |
| Leaf abscission | Leaf falling from plant |
| Sun leaf | Thicker with multiple layers of palisade mesophyll |
| Shade leaf | Thinner and larger, 1 layer of palisade mesophyll, shape can vary |
| Sun leaf vs shade leaf | Sun and shade leaves produce the same amount of sugars |
| How does abscission happen? | Everything in leaf moved back into plant, IAA decreases, protective layer of suberin seals leaf off, abscission layer above suberin layer breaks down middle lamella with pectinase, severed leaf falls off |
| What goes back into stem before abscission? | Ions, amino acids, sugars |
| Abscission zone | Where abscission happens |
Created by:
iragland
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