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biology
chapter 2 molecules of cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| atom | the smallest stable unit of matter |
| atoms are classified into groups called | elements |
| what percent is your body mass C,O,H,N | 95% |
| what is an element | atoms that contain the same number of protons |
| electrical charge of a proton | positive |
| location of a proton | nucleus |
| electrical charge of a neutron | none |
| location of a neutron | nucleus |
| electrical charge of a electron | negative |
| location of a electron | outside of nucleus (orbital) |
| isotope | have same # of protons but different # of neutrons |
| what plays a major role in chemical bond formation | the # of electrons in outermost orbit |
| octet rule | atoms that have more than one orbital are most stable when they have 8 electrons |
| carbon has how many electrons | four |
| ionic bond | charged atoms form, opposite atoms attract (one atom to another atom) |
| covalent bond | share electrons |
| polar covalent bond | electrons are not shared equally, bond has slight + and - charges |
| non-polar covalent bond | electrons are shared equally, bond has no charge |
| hydrogen bonding | attraction between + charge of hydrogen in one molecule and - charge in another molecule |
| most chemicals will dissolve in | water |
| water is | liquid between 0-100 celcius |
| hydrophilic molecules | have a charge and dissolve in water (polar and ions) |
| hydrophobic molecules | have no charge and do not dissolve in water (oils, fats) |
| water molecules are | cohesive and adhesive (stick to each other & stick to other polar/charged things) |
| temperature of ____?_____ rises and falls more slowly than other liquids under the same condition | water |
| takes a lot of ____?___ to change liquid water into steam | heat |
| water has a __?__ __?__ tension | high / surface |
| frozen water is more/less dense than liquid water | less |
| acids | release H+ when they separate in water |
| bases | accept H+ or release OH+ when they separate in water |
| ph scale - 7 is | neutral |
| ph scale - less than 7 is | acidic |
| ph scale - greater than 7 is | basic |
| buffers | molecules that maintain ph |
| inorganic molecules | small ionic, no carbon, nonliving matter |
| organic molecules | has carbon, very large, living organisms |
| monomers | small molecules, exist by themselves or link up to form polymer molecules |
| polymer | large chains of smaller molecules |
| dehydration reaction | water is taken out and covalent bond is formed between monomers to form a larger polymer |
| hydrolysis reaction | water is added, polymer is broken down into smaller monomers |
| fats | in animals, serves as insulation and long term energy storage |
| unsaturated fatty acids | double bonds between carbons, lower melting point, healthier (oil) |
| saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between carbons, higher melting point, cardiovascular disease (butter) |
| trans fats | fats that have been altered by the addition of hydrogen, most harmful |
| phospholipids | forms the basic structure for the plasma membrane, membranes inside cell |
| steriods | are hormones |
| protein support | structural proteins (hair, nails) |
| protein enzymes | speed up chemical reaction in a cell |
| protein transport | channel proteins in the plasma membrane that allow substances to enter the cell |
| protein defense | antibodies of the immune system fight foreign invaders |
| protein hormones | intercellular messengers that are made up of one cell and act on another cell |
| protein motion/movement | actin and myosin contract during muscle contraction |
| B. Structure | amino acids, building blocks of protein |
| how many different amino acids are there | 20 |
| proteins are | large chains of amino acids |
| peptide | short chain of amino acids (2-14) |
| polypeptide | longer chains of amino acids (14+) |
| denaturation of proteins | changes in ph cause proteins to loose their shape and function (destroying structure) |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | stores the genetic information in the cell |
| what determines protein shape and function | DNA |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | translates the genetic information of dna into protein |
| structure of DNA | A, T, G, N, C |
| structure of RNA | A, U, G, N, C |
| nucleotide has 3 regions (DNA, RNA) | phosphate, sugar, nitrogen |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | composed of one nucleotide, energy stored in phosphate bond, functions as a carrier of energy in cells |
| starch - polysaccharides | energy stored in plants |
| glycogen - polysaccharides | energy stored in animals |
| cellulose - polysaccharides | provides structural support in plant cell walls (animals cant digest) |
| chitin - polysaccharides | provides structural support in exoskeleton of crabs and insects |
Created by:
kelley kelley
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