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BIO200: CHORDATA
spring 09 final: campbell ch. 34,41,42,44,50,52-54
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylum CHORDATA | notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; gill slits (pharyngeal pouches); muscle segmentation; postanal tail |
| 3 subphylas of phylum CHORDATA | UROCHORDATA, CEPHALOCHORDATA, and VERTEBRATA |
| subphyla UROCHORDATA | TUNICATES (sea squirts & salps); nonliving, cellulose-containing bag or tunic that covers adults; larvae resemble microscopic tadpoles; sea squirt-sessile adults & salps-pelagic, free floating forms |
| subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA | AMPHIOXUS (sea lancelet); marine filter feeder, inhabit sandy/mudy bottoms; sea lancelet demonstrate vertebrate gills 1st developed as a filter feeding device |
| subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA | only chordates to retain all major chordate characteristics as an adult |
| subphyla VERTEBRATA | vertebral column; endoskeleton of bone and/or cartilage; enlarged cranium; 2 pair appendages- pectoral & pelvic; well-developed brain & nervous system; RBC w/ hemoglobin |
| 7 classes of subphyla VERTEBRATA | AGNATHA, CHONDRICHTHYES, OSTEICHTHYES, AMPHIBIA, REPTILIA, AVES, MAMMALIA |
| trends of the evolution of vertebrates | shift from notochord--> vertebral column. nerve cord expanded into brain. evolution of jaws. paired fins evolved, gave rise to limbs. gills evolved, replaced by lungs. |
| class AGNATHA | "JAWLESS FISHES" |
| class AGNATHA | lamprey eel & hagfish |
| class AGNATHA | no jaws, no paired fins, no scales, no true vertebral column cartilage skeleton, notochord present in adult, many gill openings, cylindrical body, ammocoetes larva resembles sea lancelet |
| OSTRACODERM | 1st vertebrates, extinct; jawless; bony plates; no paired fins; heavy armored body |
| What are jaws? | modifications of anterior gill supports |
| early vertebrates w/ jaws | PLACODERM & ACANTHODIAN |
| class CHONDRICHTHYES | "CARTILAGINOUS FISHES" |
| class CHONDRICHTHYES | sharks, rays, skates, & ratfish (chimaeras) |
| class CHONDRICHTHYES | jaws; entire skeleton of cartilage (no true bone); multiple (5-7 pair) gill slits (no operculum); placoid "scales" (denticles); no swim bladder; caudal fin uneven (heteroceral); paired pelvic & pectoral fins; ORGANS OF LORENZINI-electroreception; CLASPER |
| oviparous | egg layer; young nourished from yolk & hatch outside of mom's body |
| ovoviviparous | live birth; young nourished from yolk & hatch from a shell-less egg inside mom's oviduct before being born live |
| viviparous | live birth; young are nourished directly from the mom for extended period of time via the placenta |
| class OSTEICHTHYES | "BONY FISHES" |
| class OSTEICHTHYES | trout, guppy, goldfish, perch, tuna, etc |
| class OSTEICHTHYES | skeleton of true bone; operculum (gill cover); swim bladder; paired fins & scales; caudal fin even (homocercal); paired; lateral line-pressure sensitive; external fert. (oviparous) & internal fert. (ovovivi.); 2-chambered heart; ectotherm= "cold-blooded" |
| class OSTEICHTHYES | largest class of vertebrates (96% of living fish species) |
| 3 subclasses of class OSTEICHTHYES | RAY-FINNED FISHES, LUNG FISHES, LOBE-FINNED FISHES |
| Devonian drought (evolution of pneumatic sacs) | lakes drying up; lack of fresh H2O habitats, increase warmth--> decrease O2. SOLUTIONS: escape to ocean (chondrichthyes) or develop lung (osteichthyes). "rete mirabile" teleost swim bladder |
| LUNG FISHES & LOBE-FINNED FISHES | biological relics |
| missing link to H2O vertebrates & land vertebrates | COELACANTH (Latimeria): lobe-finned fish; "walk" in water; only surviving lobe-finned fish |
| estivation | summer hibernation to avoid dryness & heat (lung fishes) |
| class AMPHIBIA | living a "double life" (aquatic & terrestrial) |
| PLACODERMS | extinct; possess jaws; paired limbs; devonian droughts |
| milt | sperm-containing secretion of testes released in H2O where eggs can reach them (osteichthyes) |
| roe | mass of eggs of female fishes (osteichthyes) |
| class AMPHIBIA | salamander, newt, frog, toad, caecilian |
| 3 orders of class AMPHIBIA | APODA, URODELA, ANURA |
| order APODA | caecilians |
| order APODA | secretive & limbless worm-like creatures; no aquatic larval stage |
| order URODELA | salamanders, newts, & mudpuppies |
| order URODELA | tailed, lizard-like form; limbs set at right angles to body; internal fert. by spermatophores; aquatic larvae; semi-terres. adults usu. possess lungs |
| spermatophores | male lacks copulatory organ therefore release packet of sperm & female picks them up w/ cloacal lips. eggs are not laid until after fert. (urodela- salamanders) |
| neoteny | retention of juvenile/larval characteristics as an adult, but still becoming sexually mature (mudpuppy & axolotl) |
| order ANURA | frogs & toads |
| order ANURA | lacks a tail in adults; specialized for jumping; carnivorous; tadpole larva "polliwog"; vocal courtship; amplexus; external fert. |
| tadpole larva ("polliwog") | a herbivore w/ finned tail & external gills |
| amplexus | copulatory embrace of frog during fertilization in H2O; male grasps female stimulating her to release eggs |
| frog | live or near water most in life; smooth, slimy skin; leap; "rana" |
| toad | more terrestrial form; better adapted to land; rough, warty, dry skin; poison secreted from skin esp. from parotid gland; hop & walk; "bufo" |
| Arrow-Poison Frog | highly toxic; native S. Americans would dip weapons into poison |
| order APODA | "no legs/feet" |
| order URODELA | "tail" |
| order ANURA | "without a tail" |
| class AMPHIBIA | moist, glandular skin; no scales; 4 limbs lacking claws; webbed digits; 3-chambered heart; ectothermic="cold blooded; respiration by gills (in larva), skin, & lungs (in adults); metamorphosis-aquatic larva/terrestrial adult |
| adaptations necessary to live in land | development of limbs & lungs; sense organs to detect airborne sounds & odors |
| terrestrial environment differ from aquatic environment | drastic temp. variation & harmful solar radiation; dessication; strong limbs & skeleton support; air 20X more O2 than water; more varied & diverse habitats; unexploited food source; no large predators yet |
| class REPTILIA | "to creep" (1st true vertebrates-no aquatic stages); the "victors of dry land" |
| class REPTILIA | dinosaurs, crocodilians, turtles, snakes & lizards |
| class REPTILIA | paired limbs; 5 toes w/ claws (1st seen in reptilia); dry, scaly skin; incomplete 4-chambered heart; penis; internal fert- amniotic "land egg"; well-developed lungs; kidneys secrete uric acid; ectothermic; advanced brian-development of neocortex |
| amniotic "land egg" | freed reptiles from aquatic life cycle |
| amnion | self contained "pond" for developing embryo |
| yolk sac | stored food |
| allantois | embryonic "lung" & "bladder". stores toxic waste material |
| chorion | protection |
| albumen (egg white) | protein for muscle/bone |
| chalaza | prevents movement of embryo |
| uric acid | nitrogenous waste for reptiles & birds. white/pastey substance-does not req. much H2O to wash out of body |
| Dinosaurs extinction theories | natural extinction; asteroid "blackout" cloud"; appearance of mammals; hot blooded dinosaurs couldn't cope |
| Dinosaurs | 250 MYA divergent evolution/adaptive radiation produces 1st dinosaurs; ALL dinosaurs extinct by 65 MYA |
| 4 orders of class REPTILIA | TESTUDINES, SQUAMATA, RHYNCHOCEPHALIA, CROCODILIA |
| order TESTUDINES (CHELONIA) | turtles; tortoise=terrestrial turtle (Calif. Gopher tortoise) |
| order TESTUDINES | oldest reptilian group; shells=dorsal carapace & ventral plastron; horny, beak-like jaw; lacks teeth; exclusively oviparous (lay eggs in land); incubation temp. determine sex (low temp=male) |
| order SQUAMATA | snakes & lizards |
| order SQUAMATA | 95% of all living reptiles; most evolved; one of the most recent & modern groups |
| LIZARDS (SAURIA) | ear openings, eyelids, legs, fixed jaw, tail regeneration (defense); 2 penis (hemipenis); may not be predaceous. EX. Chameleons, Gila Monster & Mexican Beaded Lizards, Glass "Snakes" |
| Chameleons | change color w/ chromatophores |
| Gila Monster & Mexican Beaded Lizards | world's ONLY venomous lizards |
| Glass "Snakes" | limbless, burrowing lizards |
| SNAKES (SERPENTES) | no ear openings or eyelids, flexible, loosely hinged jaw, limbless; vestigial "spur" persists in male pythons & boas; elongated body; single lung, single gonad; JACOBON'S ORGAN; PIT ORGAN; ovi-or ovoviviparous; male=2 penis (hemipenis); all predaceous |
| Jacobon's organ | organ in roof of mouth receiving olfactory stimuli from forked tongue; grabs molecules in the air |
| pit organ | heat sensitive organs on the head of pit vipers & some boas to detect & strike warm-blooded prey |
| Non-venomous snakes | feed by constriction or grabbing & swallowing. EX. king snake, gopher snake, boas, pythons |
| Venomous snakes | vipers & cobras |
| Vipers | long, folding, hollow fangs; hemotoxic. EX. PIT VIPERS: only in New World (USA); rattlesnake, cottonmouth, copperhead. ADDERS: Old World (Asia, Europe) vipers; lack pit organs |
| Cobras | short, fixed, hollow fangs; neurotoxic. EX. king cobra, coral snakes, mambas |
| hemotoxic | blood & tissue breakdown; vipers |
| neurotoxic | acts on nervous system; cessation of breathing; blindness & paralysis; cobra |
| LD50 (Lethal Dose 50%) | determine toxicity; how much of venom it takes to kill 50% of the pop. it bites. LOW LD50= very potent venom & HIGH LD50= weak venom |
| most venomous snakes | sea snake & Australian tiger snake |
| order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA | tuatara or sphenodon; biological relic is the sole surviving species of this order & only found in New Zealand |
| TUATARA | lizard like form is similar to ancient fossils & not related to modern day lizards. well-developed parietal eye sensitive to photoperiod/heat?; no male copulatory organ=reproduce by cloaca |
| parietal eye | "biological clock" for timing (circadian rhythm) |
| order CROCODILIA | crocodilians; crocodiles, alligators, gavials, caimans |
| largest living reptiles (25-30 ft) | crocodilians |
| CROCODILIANS | 4-chambered heart; oviparous; sex determined by incub. period: high temp=male; evolved same time as dinosaurs & remained relatively unchanged; only N. American species- Alligator miss. & Crocolylus acutus |
| Crocodile | salt H2O (river & oceans); pointed snout; toothy grin; aggressive |
| Alligator | freshwater swamps, everglades; shovelnose snout; smaller; less aggressive |
| class AVES | birds; "feathered reptiles" |
| Archeopteryx | ancient winged one; both bird & reptile |
| reptilian characteristics in modern birds | amniote egg; scales (feathers=insulation & flight); claws; gizzard (gravel used in dig. system for pulverize); uric acid (conserve H2O & weight); no penis= use cloaca |
| adaptations for flight | aerodynamics, bioenergetics & mechanisms, control systems |
| Aerodynamics | wings; streamlining; weight reduction: feathers, fused & hollow bones, single female ovary, no bladder, no teeth, oviparous |
| preening | grooming of feathers, use oil glands |
| molting | shedding feathers; enegry demanding= very vulnerable if flight feathers are molting; end of summer & beg. of spring; |
| Bioenergetics & Mechanics | energy-rich food; enormous appetite; high metabolic rate (102 deg.F body heat; well insulated; well developed respiratory system ("air sacs", AC system); enlarged breast muscle & keel |
| precocial | animal is born mature enough to care for themselves; early intelligence maturity |
| altricial | born blind, naked & helpless |
| Control Systems | well developed brain & nervous system; excellent sight (almost 1/2 brain devoted to optic); very quick responses |
| migration | ancestral migration pathways- migrate to warmer temps. innate; celestial navigation (sun & stars); topographical; magnetic compass in brain |
| ratite | lack keel for flight muscles; for flightless, land birds |
| class MAMMALIA | mammals (kangaroos, rodents, whales, bats); 1st mammals very small, active (nocturnal), endothermic; fur? |
| Therapsids | mammal-like reptiles; Triassic (200 MYA); mammalia ancestry |
| class MAMMALIA | mammary glands & skin glands (sweat, scent, oil, pheromones); hair (pelage); teeth differentiated; pinna (external ear); endothermic=warm blooded; 4-chambered heart; non-nucleated RBC; lungs & diaphragm; highly developed brain |
| evidence of reptilian ancestry in mammals | egg laying mammals (oviparous-lay amniotic eggs); cloaca in monostremes; claws (hooves, nails-primates only, ungulace); scales (on tails) |
| Horns | cattle, sheep, goat; present in male & female; unbranched; bone covered w/ keratin sheath; continue to grow throughout life; Rhino "horn"=matted hair on snout |
| Antlers | deer, elk, moose; usu. only present in male; branched; bone originalled covered w/ "velvet"; completely shed & regrown each yr.; grows out of skull |
| class MAMMALIA | 7 cervical vertebrates (neck bone); 3 auditory ossicles-incus, malleus, & stapes; palate-separate nasal passage & mouth |
| 3 MAMMALIAN subclasses | MONOSTREMES, MARSUPIALS, PLACENTALS |
| subclass MONOSTREMES | egg laying mammals; yolk prenatally, then milk secreted from skin. EX. duck-bill platypus & spiny echidna |
| subclass MARSUPIALS | pouch animals; young live off yolk, but then placental (semi); very short gestation & young develop in marsupium. EX. opossum & kangaroo |
| subclass PLACENTALS | nourish by mother through placenta/umbilicus; lengthy gestation in uterus w/ placental attachment. indigenous placental mammals: dingo & indigenous aborigines- bats/marine mammals |
| 7 orders of subclass PLACENTALS | INSECTIVORES, CARNIVORA, CHIROPTERA, CETACEA, RODENTIA, UNGULATES, PRIMATES |
| order INSECTIVORES | feed on insects & worms. EX. moles, shrews & hedghogs. shrews one of smallest mammals |
| order CHIROPTERA | "hand wing"; bats-bumble bee bat (smallest mammal= 1 1/2") --> flying fox; wings-leathery membrane supported by 4 "fingers"; most are insect eaters, some feed on fruit, nectar, & fish (one species feed on blood); echo location used for sound radar |
| order CETACEA | toothed whales: sperm whales, orcas, porpoises. baleen whales: humpback, gray & blue whale; strain water for krill, horny plates called baleen |
| order RODENTIA | gnawing mammals. EX. rodents |
| order UNGULATA | hoofed mammals; odd/even toed. EX. horse, zebra, pig |
| order PRIMATE | monkeys, apes, humans |
| order CARNIVORA | "flesh, to devour"; any meat eating animal. EX. dog, cat, bear, seal, etc. |
| digestive system | breakdown & preparation of large food molecules so they may be absorbed & utilized |
| carbohydrates | sugars & starches. starches (polysaccharides)-->sugars-->glucose. *glucose PRIMARY energy source |
| lipids | fats, oils, & waxes. fats-->fatty acids. concentrated, STORED energy source |
| proteins | muscle (meat), etc. proteins-->amino acids (20+AA's). growth, structure (muscle, bone, skin, hair) |
| vitamins | NOT SYNTHESIZED by organism; obtained in food; function in enzyme systems |
| minerals | inorganic compounds; necessary in trace amounts; iodine, iron, calcium |
| infectious disease | caused by another living agent (germs) |
| birth defect | hereditary |
| nutritional deficiency disease | greatest diseases; KWASHIORKOR, SCURVY, RICKETS, GOITER |
| Kwashiorkor | protein deficiency; CNS development |
| Scurvy | vitamin C deficiency; skin peels, etc. |
| Rickets | vitamin D deficiency; need sunlight to activate; deformed limbs |
| Goiter | iodine deficiency |
| Alimentary Canal | mouth-->anus; 30 ft long tube |
| accessory organs of digestive system | liver & pancreas |
| mouth | teeth & salivary glands |
| teeth | functions in mastication. heterodont: incisors, canine, premolars, & molars. ENAMEL=97% inorganic |
| salivary glands | moistens & lubricates food (mucin). contains enzyme (AMYLASE) breakdown starch |
| Mumps | infection of salivary glands |
| pharynx (throat) | important passage way where nasal, eustachian tube, trachea & esophagus meet; swallowing of BOLUS |
| esophagus (gullet) | collapsible muscular tube (10-12in) extending from mouth to stomach |
| peristalsis | muscular contraction propelling bolus to stomach (cont. throughout GI tract) |
| cardiac valve | not well developed; why do babies "burp" & spit up so often? |
| stomach | "J" shaped storage pouch secreting gastric juices (HCl, Pepsin, & Mucus). muscular action churns & mixes food into CHYME. stomach directly absorbs substances that don't req. digestion (H2O, alcohol, drugs). food squirts out into PYLORIC VALVE |
| HCl (hydrochloric acid) | dissolves bone & minerals; kills bacteria |
| Pepsin (proteinase) | protein splitting enzyme |
| Mucus | protection; prevents stomach from digesting itself |
| small intestine | main organ of digestion, all breakdown & digestion occur here. divided into: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum. VILLI |
| villi | finger like protection lining the interior & increasing surface area for absorption |
| liver (gall bladder) | secretes BILE for emulsifying (dissolve) fats. secretes bicarbonate to decrease acidity from stomach. detoxification of harmful substances |
| pancreas (both digestion & endocrine organ) | secretes enzymes breaking down all major food groups. buffers HCl from stomach |
| large intestine (colon) | large tube holds undigestables. main function to absorb H2O & salts & convert soupy liquid to semi-solid FECES. site for symbiotic bacteria to produce vitamins K & B. RECTUM |
| rectum | muscular sac stores feces; opening to outside, anus controlled by sphincter muscle permitting voluntary defecation |
| hematology | study of blood |
| blood | constitutes 7% of body weight; 4-5L (12pints). composition: 55% PLASMA & 45% BLOOD CELLS |
| plasma (serum) | liquid portion of whole blood. H2O (91%). DISSOLVED SOLIDS-nutrients (lipids, carbs, AAs), urea waste, salts, hormones, cholesterols, antibodies (gamma globins), fibrinogen. DISSOLVED GASES- O2, CO2, N2 |
| blood cells (formed elements or corpuscles) | from stem cells; ERYTHROCYES, LEUKOCYTES, THROMBOCYTES |
| erythrocytes (red blood cells=RBC's) | formed in red bone marrow; biconcave disc lacking nuclei. contain red Fe containing pigment HEMOGLOBIN. function in GASEOUS EXCHANGE (O2 & CO2) w/ body cells. 120 day life; destroyed in spleen & liver. very small b/c pass thru small capillaries |
| leukocytes (white blood cells=WBC's) | specialized defense for certain infections. nucleated AMEBOCYTES-engulfing & destroying microorg. in blood & tissues=IMMUNITY. phagocytize bacteria; some WBC's (lymphocytes) produces ANTIBODIES (increase in #s during an infection. LEUKEMIA. |
| leukemia | cancer of WBC's |
| antibodies | highly specific protein produced in presence of antigens (foreign protein) that neutralizes pathogen. may take form of AGGULTINS ("clumping agent") & "disintegrating agent" |
| thrombocytes (platelets) | fragments that function in blood clotting |
| functions of blood | transports CO2/O2 from cells to lungs. transports nutrients to cells to waste removal from cells. picks up hormones from endocrine glands & delivers them to target cells. IMMUNOLOGY. maintains acid/base, salt, & fluid balances |
| immunology | ability to fight off infection |
| heparin | an anticoagulant from liver; maintains blood's fluidity; need vitamin E & calcium |
| fibrinogen | liquid blood protein (soluble form); converts to FIBRIN |
| fibrin | insoluble network of blood fibers. FIBRINOGEN converts to FIBRIN. stringy fibrin forms a net across wound that traps blood cells to form a CLOT (scab) |
| blood clotting | platelets rupture on rough surface of wound & release enzyme THROMBOPLASTIN that causes a chain of reactions involving VITAMIN K & CALICUM, other enzymes. fibrinogen-->fibrin-->clot |
| blood types | depends on type of antigen present on RBC membrane. ABO blood types (Landsteiner)- A, B, AB (univ. recipient), O (univ. donor) |
| blood vessels | ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, VEINS |
| arteries | thick walled, muscular vessels w/ a "pulse" (its own pulse in sync w/ the heart rate). carries blood AWAY from heart |
| capillaries | microscopic, thin walled vessels connecting arteries to veins. RBC's pass in single file. WBC's able to squeeze thru capillary wall to enter tissues. diffusion of O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc. |
| veins | thinner & less muscular than arteries. RETURNS blood from extremities to heart. no blood pressure or pulse; contains one way flap-like valves to prevent back flow |
| fetal circulation | placenta, umbilical vein/artery, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus |
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