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Biology- Exchange
Exchange and transport
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What do cells need to take in? | Substances like oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration and other metabolic reactions. |
| What do organisms need to excrete? | Waste products from reactions such as carbon dioxide and glucose |
| How easy the exchange of substances is, depends on the organisms.... | Surface area to Volume ratio (SA:V) |
| SA:V | Smaller animals have a larger SA:V Larger animals have a smaller SA:V V (cube) = LxWxH V ( sphere) = 4/3πr3 SA = area of all faces added together |
| Single celled organism | Substances can diffuse directly into or out of the cell across the cell surface membrane. Diffusion rate is quick due to the small distance the substances have to travel. |
| Multi- cellular organism | diffusion across outer membrane is too slow. Some cells are deep within the body so big distance to travel. Large animals have a low SA:V so difficult to exchange enough substances. MCO have a high metabolic rate so use oxygen and glucose fast |
| Exchange surfaces | Have special features to improve their efficiency. Most have: Large surface area thin good blood supply good ventilation |
| Root Hair Cell - specialised exchange surface (large surface area) | Cells on plant roots that grow into long 'hairs' which stick out into the soil. Each root is covered in millions of microscopic hairs. Gives roots a large surface area - helps to increase the rate of absorption of water (osmosis) and mineral ions (AT) |
| Alveoli - specialised exchange surface (thin) | Made from a single layer of thin, flat cells (alveolar epithelium). 02 diffuses out of the alveolar space into the blood, C02 diffuses in opposite direction. Thin alveolar epithelium decreases distance 02 & C02 travel - increasing rate of diffusion |
| Alveoli - specialised exchange surface (blood and ventilation) | Surrounded by large capillary network giving each alveolus its own blood supply. blood constantly takes 02 away and brings C02 . Lungs are well ventilated so air in each alveolus is constantly replaced. Maintain a concentration gradient between 02 & C02 |
| Fish Gills - specialised exchange surfaces ( blood and ventilation) | 02 & C02 constantly exchanged between blood and water. Contain a large network of capillaries - keeps them well supplied with blood. Well ventilated- water constantly passes over them. Maintain concentration gradient of 02 - increase diffusion rate |
| Lungs - exchange organs | As you breath in air enters the trachea (splits in to two bronchi - one bronchus for each lung). Then branches off into smaller tubes (bronchioles) which end in alveoli where gases are exchanged. Ribcage, intercostal muscle and diaphragm all work together |
| Goblet cells - exchange system | (line the airways) secrete mucus. Mucuc traps microorganisms and traps dust particles in the enhaled air. Stopping them reaching the alveoli. |
| Cilia - exchange system | (surface of cells lining the airways) Move the mucus containing the trapped micro organisms and dust up and away from the alveoli towards the throat, where it is swallowed. preventing lung infections |
| Elastic Fibres - exchange system | (in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli) help the process of breathing. Breathing out the lungs inflateand the elastic fibres are stretched . Breathing out, the fibres recoil helping to push air out |
| Smooth Muscle - exchange system | (in the walls of the trachea , bronchi and bronchioles) Allows the diameter to be controlled. During exercise smooth muscle relaxes, making the tubes wider - less resistance to airflow and air can move in and out of the lungs more easily |
| Rings of Cartilage - exchange system | (in the walls of the trachea and bronchi) Provide support. Strong but flexible - stops the trachea collapsing when you breathe in and the pressure drops |
| Trachea | Large C-shaped cartilage smooth muscle elastic fibres goblet cells ciliated epithelium |
| Bronchi | Smaller pieces of cartilage smooth muscle elastic fibres goblet cells ciliated epithelium |
| Larger Bronchiole | Smooth muscle elastic fibres goblet cells ciliated epithelium |
| Smaller Bronchiole | Smooth muscle Elastic fibres ciliated epithelium |
| Smallest Bronchiole | Elastic Fibres |
| Alveoli | Elastic Fibres |
| Ventilation | Breathing in and out consists of: inspiration - breathing in expiration - breathing out it is controlled by movements of the diaphragm, internal and external muscles and the ribcage |
| Inspiration | External intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract - ribcage moves up and out and the diaphragm flattens - increasing volume of thorax - lung pressure decreases. Causes air to flow to lungs. Active process - requires energy |
| Expiration | External intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax - ribcage moves down and in, diaphragm becomes curved again. Thorax volume decreases - air pressure increases - air if forced out. Passive process - doesn't require energy. |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | The volume of air in each breath - usually about 0.4dm3 |
| Vital Capacity | The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out |
| Breathing rate | How many breaths are taken - usually in a minute |
| Oxygen consumption/ oxygen uptake | The rate at an organism uses up oxygen |
| Spirometer | A machine that can give readings of tidal volume, vital capacity, breathing rate and oxygen uptake |
| Why does the volume of gas in a spirometer in the chamber decrease over time? | The air that is breathed out over time is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. CO2 is absorbed by the Soda Lime so there's only oxygen in the chamber which the subject inhales from. As this oxygen gets used up by respiration, the total volume decreases |
| What do fish use for a gas exchange? | Counter- current system. Blood flows through the gill plates in one direction and water flows over in the other. Maintains a large concentration gradient between water and blood. Concentration of oxygen in water is always higher than in blood. |
| What adaptions do fish have to get enough oxygen from water? | Gill made of lots of gill filaments (primary lamellae) - big surface area - gas exchange. Filaments- covered in gill plates (secondary lamellae) - increasing surface area. Gill supported by gill arch, contains blood capillaries (diffusion). |
| How are fish gills ventilated? | Open mouth- lowers buccal cavity- volume increases, pressure decrease - water sucked into cavity. Closed mouth- buccal cavity raised- volume decreased pressure increased- water forced out across filaments Operculum covers gill, opens H2O leaves gills |
| Trachea (insects) | Air moves into trachea through spiracles. O2 moves down CG towards cells.CO2 from cells move down CG towards spiracles to be released into atmosphere. Trachea branch of into tracheoles which have thin permeable walls containing fluid which O2 dissolves in |
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Mia:)
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