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Immunity and Defense
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate Immunity is __________. | non specific |
| Adaptive (acquired Immunity) __________ is. | specific |
| responds to the first and second line of defense | Innate Immunity |
| responds to the third line of defense | Adaptive immunity (specific) |
| Type of defense that is considered the outside environment | first line of defense |
| type of defense that occurs inside the host | second line of defense and (innate) non specific third line of defense (adaptive) specific |
| Intact skin Mucous membranes and their secretions normal microbiota | innate immunity first line of defense |
| natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells inflammation fever antimicrobial substances | second line of defense (innate immunity) |
| specialized lymphocytes cells and B cells antibodies | third line of defense (adaptive acquired immunity) |
| Innate immunity is present_________> | at birth. |
| Adaptive acquired/specific) is partially__________. | present at birth |
| Innate immunity is non_________ and does not have any _______ cells. | non specific, memory |
| The time of response for Innate Immunity is | Immediately |
| The time of response for Adaptive Immunity is | days to weeks |
| T/F Innate immunity and adaptive immunity have extensive interaction. | True |
| Innate immunity has immunological "_____________" that are carried out by ___________. | check points, dendritic cells |
| The natural antimicrobials that are associated with innate immunity are: | lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, antibodies |
| On the Mucosal and skin surfaces the physical barrier of innate immunity include: | mucus that traps microorganisms, cilia low respiratory tract mucous coated hair in nose flow washing |
| Lysozyme's are enzymes that degrades peptidoglycan's such as: | sweat, saliva, tears, nasal secretions |
| Lysozymes are more likely to affect | gram positives they are more suitable than gram negatives |
| cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by | defense and epithelial cells. |
| cationic Antimicrobial peptides (Amp)s are 15-50 amino acids, positively charged and amphipathic that | selectively disrupt membranes without cholesterol |
| cationic Antimicrobial peptides | kill bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses |
| cell penetrating AMPs inhibits | DNA and protein synthesis |
| AMPs display chemotactic activity and | recruit defense cells |
| In the skin the Keratin layer (waterproofing) | constant sheds hypertonic (very dry) Hard to degrade/diges |
| In the skin sebaceous glands | antimicrobial fatty acids and a ph 3-5 very acidic |
| Perspiration in the skin involves___________. | lysozymes |
| The upper respiratory tract provide protection by _______. | epithelium, mucus, ciliary escalator, sloughing |
| The lower respiratory tract provides protection in _______. | the alveoli by macrophages |
| flow washing prevents colonization of : | tears, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions and feces |
| Gastric Juice has: | Ph of 1.2 to 3 hydrochloric acid enzymes mucus flow |
| Toll-like recognize non-self molecules | that are broadly shared among pathogens )PAMPs |
| PAMPs stands for | pathogen associated molecular patterns. |
| toll like receptors are located on epithelial cells and after microbes breach | are the first line of defense |
| Molecules that toll like receptors recognize among pathogens are: | peptidoglycans, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) flagella in flagella lipopolysaccharides acid and nucleic acids |
| cells that are activated by toll like receptor's (TLC) express | cytokines antimicrobial peptides chemicals that promote inflammation |
| multifunctional cellular chemical messengers | cytokines |
| cytokines are made from________. | proteins and glycoproteins |
| Cytokines are critical to the functioning of both _______ and ______ immune responses. | innate, adaptive |
| Cytokines induce complex and diverse cellar responses that up regulate or down regulate cell activity such as: | cell differentiation, cell proliferation, secretion of other cytokines |
| chemokines (many cell types) are the | attractants (type of cytokines) |
| Interferons (many cell types) | antiviral(type of cytokines) modulation of immune response |
| interleukins (white blood cells) | development and differentiation of white blood cells |
| Lymphokines (lymphocytes) | regulation of immune response |
| The cellar blood defense mechanism includes: | white blood cells |
| neutrophils and macrophages perform | phagocytosis |
| Natural-killer cells | kill altered cells |
| Lymphocytes that are part of the immune response______. | T and B cells |
| The blood serum defense mechanisms for innate immunity | antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Mannose-binding lectins Complement proteins Iron binding proteins (ferrins) |
| The blood serum defense mechanism for adaptive immunity is _____. | antibodies. |
| serum is the_________________. | liquid component of blood |
| Mannose -binding lectin (a serum protein) | promotes phagocytosis activates complement system |
| Mannose _binding lectin recognizes and binds to | carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens(viruses, bacteria, fungi protozoa) |
| The complement system consist of at least | 30 short lived serum protein |
| What three pathways activate the complement system? | Adaptive immunity classical (antibodies) Innate immunity (alternative) bacterial polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides Mannose binding lectin (MBL) mannose on pathogen |
| What are the functions of the complement system | opsonizatin (stimulates phagocytosis) cytolysis (cell desturctin) inflammation |
| Opsonization stimulates phagocytosis and is activated by | complement protein (C3b) binding to the surface of the antigen |
| Cytolysis is cell destruction and causes | damage of the plasma membrane (leakage and death) formation of membrane attach complexes |
| Inflammation triggers histamine release and _______________ | which increases blood vessel permeability and promotes migration of cells to the site of inflammation. |
| The outcome of the activation of the complement system is | inflammation, phagocytosis and destruction of the pathogen |
| c3b initiates a series of reactions involving | c5-cp called the membrane attach complex (a pore is formed) leakage of the cells contents |
| Macrophages are | highly active phagocytic cells that can be found fixed or free |
| free wandering macrophages | circulate in the blood that migrate to inflammation sites |
| fixed macrophages are: | found lining endothelial cells of capillaries throughout the body |
| phagocytosis the ingestion of particular matter is mostly done by | neutrophils and macrophages |
| The preparation of a pathogen for ingestion by serum is done by | opsonization antibodies, complement, mannose binding lectin MBL |
| The early phagocytic cells are: | Neutrophils and are (60 to 70%) |
| The late phagocytic cells are: | fixed macrophages and wandering macrophages 3-8% |
| phagocytosis is activated by | cytokines chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion digestion antigen processing |
| Chemotaxis is a chemical | attraction of phagocyte to microorganism |
| Chemotaxis is released by | microbial products damaged tissue(histamine) white blood cell components (cytokines) chemokines |
| Phagosome fuses with lysosome (digestive enzymes) | forming the phagolysosome |
| Lysosome digestive enzymes of the phagolysosome are: | lysozyme lipase protease nucleases oxygen free radicals hypochlorus acid |
| The pathogen evasion of phagocytosis include: | adherence inhibition (capsule) many organisms escape from phagosome inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion kill phagocyte (release of cytoplasmic lysosome contents) |
| Inflammation is a localized protection response of the body to tissue and may include: | pain, heat redness, swelling loss of function |
| T/F Excessive inflammation may respond in damage | true |
| The function of inflammation includes: | destroying invading agents walling off invading agents repair or replace damage tissue stimulate immune response |
| Natural killer cells are lymphocytes (not T or B cells) that | kill altered cells that under express MHH-1 molecules. |
| Types of cells that natural killer cells kill are: | cancer cells, virus infected cells and bacteria infected cells (intracellular) |
| Natural killer cells kill cells recognized by antibodies | has IgG antibody receptor |
| IFNs a, B are antiviral proteins (cytokines) | produced by virus infected cells and interfere with viral multiplication |
| IFN y | promotes phagocytosis enhances adaptive immune response |
| interferon (antivirals) | host cell specific not virus specific short lived no effect on infected cells |
| antiviral proteins destroy viral RNA | and inhibit protein synthesis |
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