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BIO 120 Chapter 5
Large Biological Molecules
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Polymer- | made up of many parts |
Monomer- | made up of one part |
Dehydration Reaction- | requires energy and enzymes to remove water molecule, building a polymer |
Hydration Reaction- | Adds water molecule to break bond, break apart polymers |
Carbohydrates- | sugars and polymers of sugar, made up of carbon backbone |
Monosaccharides- | simplest form of a CH2O chain, 3-7 carbons long |
Polysaccharide- | carbohydrates made up of many sugar monomers linked together |
Starch- | polymer of glucose, energy source |
Glycogen- | polymer of glucose, energy storage in liver and muscle cells |
Disaccharide- | two monosaccharides linked together, require glyosidic linkage |
Aldose- | has functional group c=o on end |
Ketose- | has functional group c=o in middle, shape of carbohydrates |
Cellulose- | polymer of glucose, found in plants, shape of carbohydrates |
Chitin- | polymer of modified glucose, in animal exoskeletons and cell walls of fungi, strengthen structure |
Lipids- | molecules with little or no affinity for water, not a polymer |
Lactose- | glucose+ galactose |
Structure of fat- | one glycerol, three fatty acids, ester linkages |
Function of fats- | energy storage, insulating, cushioning |
Saturated fat- | carbons in carbon tail are fully saturated with hydrogen |
Unsaturated fat- | carbons are not fully saturated with hydrogen, double bond between two carbon |
Trans Fat- | human manufactured, partially-hydrogenated, act like saturated fats |
Phospholipid structure- | amphipathic properties: hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head |
Phospholipid function- | structure and regulation, found in cell membranes |
Steroid structure- | carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings to which functional groups are attached, cholesterol |
Cholesterol function- | precursor for hormones, can be changed and modified into other hormones, precursor for vitamin D and bile salts, stabilizes animal membranes |
HDL- | good cholesterol, picks it off artery walls and carries it to liver |
LDL- | drops cholesterol in arteries, blocking them |
Protein structure- | made of amino acids, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a side chain that varies |
Polypeptide chain- | chain of amino acids |
Peptide bonds- | dehydration reaction between amino acids |
Protein Primary structure- | amino acid sequence |
Protein Secondary structure- | repeated coiling and folding |
Protein tertiary structure- | irregular contortions of molecule, stabilized 3D shape |
Protein quaternary structure- | 2 or more polypeptide chains that bond together |
Protein function- | muscle structure and function, enzymes, transportation, embedded in plasma membrane |
Denaturation- | unfolding of proteins shape |
Renaturation- | returning protein to original shape |
Digression- | protein structure can change with a change in temp, pH, etc. |
Chaperonin molecules- | enable polypeptide to undergo appropriate folding |
Mad Cow Disease- | an example of protein digression |
Nucleic Acids- | Polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA) |
Structure of nucleotide- | phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base |
Pyrimidine- | cytosine, thymine, uracil, 1 nitrogenous base |
Purine- | adenine, guanine, 2 nitrogenous bases |
Nucleotide- | monomer of nucleic acid |
Function of nucleic acids- | codes for making proteins, transcription and translation |