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CH11 audesirk VOCAB
Question | Answer |
---|---|
WHEN does DNA replication occur? | S-phase of interphase |
WHERE does DNA replication occur? | nucleus |
What is the key feature that allows DNA to be copied? | the pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA |
Who discovered that harmless bacteria can be "transformed" into pneumonia-causing bacteria? | F. Griffith |
Who identified that DNA is the transforming factor? | Avery & Associates |
Who identified that the genetic material of a virus is not protein? | Hershey & Chase |
Who used x-ray diffraction to determine that DNA is a helical molecule? | Franklin & Wilkins |
Who identified that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine in DNA and that the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine in DNA? (chargaff's rules... A=T and G=C) | Chargaff |
Who pulled the data together to construct a 3-dimensional model of DNA as a double helix in which two strands were wound around each other? | Watson & Crick |
Who received the Nobel Prize in 1962? | Watson & Crick and Wilkins |
Who died in 1958? | Franklin |
What is the structure of DNA? | 4 nucleotides |
Each nucleotide has a __________, a ______________, and a ___________. | phosphate; 5 carbon sugar; nitrogen containing base |
What are the 4 bases? | adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
___________ (A&G) are double ring bases- larger in size. | Purines |
_________ (T&C) are single ring bases- smaller in size. | Pyrimidines |
DNA is a ____________. | double helix |
A double helix is a ____________. | twisted ladder |
The ___________________ make up the ___________ (sides) of the molecule.... held together with __________ bonds (strong). | sugars & phosphates; backbones; covalent |
The _________________ make up the ___________ (rungs) and are held together with _____________ bonds (easily broken). | base pairs; middle; hydrogen |
A bonds to T with _ hydrogen bonds. | 2 |
G bonds to C with _ hydrogen bonds. | 3 |
The ________ side of the DNA helix reads 3' to _'. This is the _____________ and also reads _____ to right, _______ to top. | right; 5; hydroxylon sugar; left; bottom |
The ___________ side of the DNA helix reads 5' to _'. This is the ________________ and also reads ________ to left, ___ to bottom. | left; 3; phosphate end; right; top |
All "____" (combo of bases (codons)) have only _ letters. | words; 3 |
How letters are there in the bases alphabet? | 4 |
4 cubed = ___ (how many combos of codons) | 64 |
What does DNA replication produce? | 2 double helices |
Both double helices produces have what? | 1 original strand and 1 new strand |
Producing 1 original and 1 new strand is called what? | semiconservative replication |
Replication involves what 3 major actions and enzymes? | DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase |
This enzyme involved in replication separates the parent strands. | DNA helicase |
This enzyme involved in replication synthesizes new DNA strands and proofreads strands. | DNA polymerase |
This enzyme involved in replication joins segments to make the daughter strands. | DNA ligase |
The result of DNA helicase breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary parental DNA strands: | unwound sections of DNA strands |
Name this part of DNA replication: a place at the edge of the replication bubble where the parental DNA strands have not yet been unwound... where DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to parts that are unwound | replication fork |
If there are no mistakes during replication: 2 _____ DNA helices are formed... ______ to the _________ and to each ______. | identical; identical; original; other |
_____________ and other enzymes "proofread" the strands for accuracy and fixes most errors. | DNA polymerase |
________/ 100 million to 1 billion base pairs | 1 mistake |
The mistakes (mutations) can be: | good, bad, or null |
Sources of error in DNA: | chemicals, UV rays, aging |
____ mutations are the driving force of ____________. | good; evolution |