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Chapter 15
Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytosol | Jelly portion that suspends organelles & cytoskeleton; keeps everything together; site for metabolic processes; helps pass signals in the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Found throughout the cell; makes and packages proteins and lipids (assembly line) |
| Two types of ER | Smooth - assembles and packages lipids; metabolism of alcohol and drugs Rough - assembles and packages proteins; contains ribosomes; connected to nuclear membrane |
| Endomembrane system | Contains: nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi body, Vehicles Assembles proteins, modifies and encloses them in the plasma membrane to be used inside or outside of cell |
| Golgi body | Located near the nucleus, flattened sacs called cisternae, sorts modifies and ships proteins (UPS), has a CIS side - faces the ER and receives the vehicle, Trans side - faces plasma membrane and releases vesicles |
| lysosome | Small sac that breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins to be reused; digest bacteria, dead cells or aging organelles; recycling center; made from Golgi and endosomes |
| endosomes | Small sac; materials brought in by endocytosis are sorted and sent where needed in the cell; sent to the lysosomes |
| peroxisome | Neutralizes toxins and breaks down lipids; single membrane with digestive enzymes ; prominent in the liver; breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and O2 |
| Evolution of organelles | Endosymboint theory - mitochondria and chloroplasts, own DNA, double membrane Endomembrane theory - all other organelles |
| autophagy | Mechanism by which a cell eats itself, digesting molecules and organelles that are damaged |
| Chaperone protein | Steers proteins along productive folding pathways, helping them to fold correctly and prevent them from forming aggregates inside the cell |
| clathrin | A protein that makes up the coat of a transport vesicle that buds from the Golgi or the plasma membrane |
| pinocytosis | type of endocytosis where soluble materials are taken from the environment and incorporated into vesicles for digestion; cell drinking |
| Rab protein | GTP binding proteins on the surface of transport vesicles and organelles that serve as a molecular marker to help ensure the vesicles fuse with the correct membrane |
| SNARE | One of a family of membrane proteins responsible for the elective fusion of vesicles with a target membrane inside the cell |
| UPR (unfolded protein response) | Molecular program triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER; allows cells to expand the ER and produce more machinery needed to restore the proper folding and processing |
Created by:
Earleyn
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