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A&P II Chapter28F SG
Reproductive Study Guide (Female)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the gonads for both genders? | Female: ovaries Male: testes |
| What general types of cells do gonads produce? | Gametes |
| What specific cell do each gonad produce? | Female: ova Male: sperm |
| What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cels? | Mitosis produces two diploid cells from one. Meiosis produces four haploid cells from one |
| How many chromosomes do diploid and haploid cells have? | 23 |
| What are the only two haploid cells in human physiology? | oocytes and sperm |
| Are gametes produced by mitosis or meiosis? | Meiosis |
| What is produced by one parent cell by mitosis? | Two diploid daughter cells |
| What is produced by one parent cell by meiosis? | Four haploid daughter cells |
| How many rounds of cell division are in mitosis? | One |
| How many rounds of cell division are in meiosis? | Two |
| Are the two daughter cells in mitosis genetically identical? | Yes |
| Are the four daughter cells from meiosis genetically identical? | No |
| What significant event occurs in meiosis I? | "Crossing over," exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes |
| What does crossing over guarantee about the genes of the daughter cells | Increased genetic variability |
| What are the primary reproductive organs of the female? | Ovaries |
| What are the secondary reproductive organs of the female? | Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genetalia, mammary glands |
| Which cavity are the ovaries found in? | Pelvic cavity |
| What is the section of the peritoneum that covers the uterus called? | Broad ligament |
| Which part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovaries? | Mesovarium |
| Which artery supplies the ovaries? | Ovarian artery |
| Which vein drains the ovaries? | Ovarian veins |
| Which type of epithelium forms the outer surface of the ovaries? | Simple cuboidal |
| What is the dense connective tissue capsule of the ovary? | Tunica albuginea |
| What is found in the cortex of the ovary? | Ovarian follicles |
| What is found in the medulla of the ovary? | Connective tissue, vessels, nerves, lymphatics |
| What two different cells compose a follicle? | oocytes and follicular cells |
| How many follicles are found in the cortex? | 1.5 million |
| What is the most primitive follicle called? | Primordial follicle |
| What does a primordial follicle consist of? | Primary oocyte surrounded by flattened follicle cells |
| What do primordial follicles mature into? | Primary follicles |
| What does a primary follicle consist of? | Primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells--now called granulosa cells |
| Why do primary follicles secrete estrogen? | To stimulate the uterine lining |
| What do primary follicles mature into? | Secondary follicles |
| What do secondary follicles mature into? | Mature follicles |
| How many mature follicles form each month? | One |
| What type of oocyte do mature follicles contain? | Secondary oocytes |
| What happens to the oocyte at ovulation? | The oocyte is expelled |
| What does the remaining follicle become? | Corpus luteum |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | Estrogen and progesterone |
| What is the function of the hormones released by the corpus luteum? | Develop the uterus for implantation of a fertilized oocyte |
| What structure does the corpus luteum become when it regresses? | Corpus albicans |
| What initiates the process of puberty? | Release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone |
| What organ releases GNRH? | Hypothalamus |
| What are the target cells of GNRH | Cells of the anterior pituitary |
| What hormones are released in response to GNRH? | LH and FSH |
| Where are the target cells of FSH and LH | Primordial follicles |
| How many days are in an ovarian cycle? | 28 |
| What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle? | Follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase |
| Which days of the cycle encompass the follicular phase? | Days 1-13 |
| What effect do FSH and LH have on primordial follicles? | Stimulates them to become primary follicles |
| Why do the primary follicles release inhibit? | To stop further FSH release |
| Of the 20 (or less) primordial follicles that are stimulated to become primary follicles, how many will eventually become mature follicles? | One |
| Describe each of the two cells that are produced at the end of meiosis I: | One cell gets all the cytoplasm and develops. The other cell becomes a non functioning cell |
| What is th neon functioning cell called? | Polar body |
| On which day does the ovulation phase occur? | Day 14 |
| What initiates the ovulation phase? | A peak in LH secretion |
| What occurs in the ovulation phase? | The release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle. |
| Do the ovaries alternate ovulation? | Yes |
| Which days of the cycle encompass the luteal phase? | Days 15-28 |
| What occurs during the luteal phase? | The remaining follicular cells become the corpus luteum |
| What role does the corpus luteum assume? | Secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| What is the function of the uterine tubes? | Transport the oocyte to the uterus |
| What are the four sections of the uterine tube? | Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part |
| Which section of the uterine tube contains the fimbriae? | Infundibulum |
| What is the function of the fimbriae? | Envelope the ovary at ovulation and pull the oocyte into the uterine tube |
| Which section of the uterine tube is usually the site of fertilization? | Ampulla |
| Which section of the uterine tube opens into the uterus | Uterine part |
| Describe the epithelium of the uterine tubes: | Simple columnar with cilia |
| What is the function of the cilia in the uterine tubes? | Pulls the oocyte into the tube and propels it to the uterus |
| What are the two methods by which the oocyte is moved along the uterine tubes to the uterus? | Cilia move it, peristalsis |
| What are the four regions of the uterus? | Fundus, body, isthmus, cervix |
| Which region forms the major part of the uterus? | Body |
| What type of tissue composes the body of the uterus? | Thich smooth muscle |
| Which section of the uterus connects to the vagina? | Cervix |
| What are the two openings of the cervical canal? | Internal os and external os |
| Describe the epithelium of the cervix | Stratsified squamous epithelium with mucin secreting walls |
| What is the function of the mucus plug produced in the cervix? | Creates a physical barrier to pathogens |
| What are the three tunics of the uterus? | Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| What is th eperimetrium continuous with? | Broad ligament |
| How many layers of smooth muscle are in the myometrium? | Three |
| What are the two layers of the endometrium? | Basal layer (stratum basale) and functional layer |
| Which layer of the endometrium changes with the ovarian cycle? | Functional layer |
| What stimulates the functional layer to develop? | Hormones |
| What are the three phases of the endometrial development? | Follicular phase, ovulation phase, luteal phase |
| The menstrual phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 1-5 |
| What occurs in the menstrual phase? | Sloughing of the functional layer of the endometrium |
| The proliferative phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 6-14 |
| What occurs in the proliferative phase? | Development of the new functional layer of the endometrium and follicle growth/estrogen secretion in the ovary |
| The secretory phase occurs on which days of the 28 day cycle? | Days 15-28 |
| What happens during the secretory phase? | Development of the uterine glands |
| What happens to the functional layer of the endometrium if fertilization does not take place? | Progesterone levels drop and the functional layer will slough off |
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