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A&P II Chapter 24 SG
Urinary Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four components of the urinary system? | Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Are the kidneys involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? | Yes |
| What stimulus causes the kidneys to produce erythropoeitin? | Low blood oxygen levels |
| What effect does erythropoeitin have on the red bone marrow? | It stimulates it to increase RBC formation |
| What stimulus causes the kidneys to produce renin? | Low B/P |
| What gland rests on the superior side of the kidneys? | Adrenal gland |
| Why are the kidneys considered to be retroperitoneal? | Because they are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum |
| What are the two general regions of the sectioned kidney? | The outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla |
| What is the structure in the kidney that collects the urine and delivers it to the ureter? | Calyces |
| What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| Name the 5 parts of the nephron | 1: Glomerulus 2: Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule 3: Proximal convoluted tubule 4: Distal convoluted tubule 5: Nephron loop (loop of Henle) |
| Which two parts of the nephron make up the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
| Which three parts of the nephron make up the renal tubule? | PCT, loop of Henle, DCT |
| Describe the glomerulus: | A tangled mass of capillaries |
| Which vessels supply the glomerulus? | Afferent arterioles |
| Which vessels carry blood from the glomerulus? | Efferent arterioles |
| Give two reasons why the glomerulus is especially leaky: | The renal artery branches off of the aorta, so it is under maximal pressure; they are fenestrated capillaries |
| What components of the blood can cross the glomerulus? | Plasma and dissolved substances |
| What components cannot cross the glomerulus? | Erythrocytes and large plasma proteins |
| Where is the glomerular capsule located? | It lies directly around/over the glomerulus |
| What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowman's capsule? | The internal visceral layer is permeable, and the external parietal layer is impermeable |
| What are the cells called that make up the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule? | Podocytes |
| What do pedicels of podocytes do? | Wrap around the glomerular capillaries |
| What are spaces between pedicels called? | Filtration slits |
| What are the three layers of the filtration membrane? | 1> endothelium of glomerular capillaries, 2. the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries, 3. visceral layer of Bowman's capsule |
| When does the blood plasma start to become "filtrate?" | Once it has crossed the filtration membrane |
| Where in the kidney is the PCT found? | Cortex |
| What are the three sections of the nephron loop? | Descending limb, hairpin turn, and ascending limb |
| Which part of the nephron loop heads into the medulla? | Descending limb |
| Where in the kidney is the distal convoluted tubule found? | Cortex |
| What structure does the DCT lead to? | The collecting tubule |
| What structure do the collecting tubules and collecting ducts lead to? | Renal pelvis |
| What structure does the renal pelvis lead to? | Ureters |
| How much of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys? | 20-25% |
| What are the two capillary beds that the efferent arterioles lead to? | Peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta |
| What structure do the peritubular capillaries associate with? | Proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
| What structure do the vasa recta associate with? | Nephron loop |
| What are the three processes of urine formation? | Filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| What is filtration? | BLood plasma moves out through the glomerulus and moves into Bowman's capsule, crosses the capsular space |
| What is reabsorption? | Movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the capillaries. All vital nutrients and most H2O gets reabsorbed |
| What is secretion? | The movement of certain molecules out of th eperitubular capillaries and the vasa recta, directly into the tubules of the nephron. |
| Does secretion require ATP? | Yes |
| What type of transport does secretion utilize? | Active transport |
| How much filtrate is produced daily? | 180L |
| Where in the nephron does most reabsorption of nutrients occur? | PCT |
| Does each nutrient have its own transport protein? | Yes |
| DO many proteins cross from the blood plasma into the kidney tubules? | No |
| How much of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed? | 100% |
| How much of the filtered water is reabsorbed in the PCT? | 65% |
| Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water? | Descending limb |
| Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to water? | Ascending limb |
| Which limb of the nephron loop is impermeable to sodium? | Descending limb |
| Which limb actively pumps sodium out of the tubule? | Ascending limb |
| This system creates a very hypertonic environment in which part of the kidney? | Medulla |
| How do the vasa recta capillaries travel with respect to the nephron loop? | In the opposite direction to the fluid in the loop |
| Why is it important that the vasa recta capillaries travel in the opposite direction to the fluid of the loop? | If they ran in the same direction, the concentration gradients would be diluted |
| What effect does ADH have on the collecting ducts? | Makes them more permeable to H2O |
| What effect does aldosterone have on the collecting ducts? | Sodium reabsorption |
| Does atrial natriuretic peptide cause water to be reabsorbed by the body or eliminated in the urine? | Eliminated in the urine |
| If a molecule such as a drug is actively secreted into the urine to remove it form the body, where in the nephron does this occur? | PCT |
| What is the minimum daily requirement of water that the kidneys require to eliminate wastes? | 0.5L |
| Which structures conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder? | Ureters |
| What type of epithelium do the ureters have? | Transitional |
| What are the three points that define the trigone of the bladder? | Two ureter openings and the urethral opening |
| What is the name given to the three layers of smooth muscle of the bladder? | Muscularis |
| What type of epithelium does the bladder have? | Transitional |
| What structure conducts urine to the exterior of the body from the bladder? | Urethra |
| How many sphincters does the urethra have? | Two |
| Which one is voluntary? | External urethral sphincter |
| Which one is involuntary? | Internal urethral sphincter |
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