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Chap11 Microbiology
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the historical microbial control methods? | salting , smoking, pickling, drying and exposing food, clothing and bedding to sunlight |
| what are the four possible outcomes of microbial control outside the body? | sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and decontamination |
| the destruction of all microbial life | sterilization |
| destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination or inanimate surfaces | disefection |
| also called degermation, is the same as disinfection but on a living surefaces | antisepsis |
| also called sanitation, the mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface | decontamination |
| what are the primary targets of microbial control? | microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage(slows down the growth) Constantly present in the external environment and on the human body contains mixtures of microbes |
| is considered the most resistant microbial entities destruction of endospores is the goal of the sterlization | bacterial endospores |
| any material that has been subjected to this process is said to be sterile(trying to remove everything) sterilized products are essential to human well being surgical instruments syringes commercially packed foods | sterilization |
| the use of a physical process or a chemical agent(disinfectant) to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores disinfectants are normally only used on inanimate objects(nonliving) | disinfection |
| the growth of microorganisms in blood and other tissues | sepsis |
| any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection | asepsis |
| sterile methods that exclude all microbes | aseptic techniques |
| application of chemical agents(ANTISEPTIC) to exposed body surfaces and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens | antisepsis |
| chemical agents that kill microorganism | germicides and microbicide |
| a chemical that destroys bacteria except for these in the endospore stage | bactericide |
| kills fungal spores hypae and yeast | fungicide |
| inactivates viruses especially on living tissues | virucide |
| capable of killing endospores | sporicide |
| prevents the growth of bacteria on tissues or objects in the enviornment | bacteristatic agents |
| inhibits fungal growth | fungistatic agents |
| chemicals used to control microorganisms in the body (antiseptics and drugs) AGENTS WILL KILL | microbistatic agents |
| ant cleansing techniques that mechanically removes microbes and debris | sanitization |
| a soap or detergent used to sanitize | sanitizer |
| reduction of the number of microbes on the skin involves scrubbing the skin or immersing it in chemical or both enulsifies oils on the outer cutaneous layer | antisepsis/degermation |
| expected to come into contract with sterile tissues | critical medical devices |
| come into contact with mucosal membranes | semicritcal medical devices |
| those that do not touch | noncritical medical devices |
| what is microbial death | death of microbial organism |
| death of microbial organisms | harder to detect no conspicuous vital signs lethal agents do not alter the overt appearance of microbial cells loss of movement cannot be used to indicate death special qualifications are needed to define and delineate microbial death |
| what are the factors of death | number of microorganisms nature of the microbes in the population type of microbial death temperature and pH of the environment concentration of the agent mode of action of the agent presence of solvents, interfering organic matter and inhibitors |
| cellular targets of physical and chemical agents | the cell wall the cell membrane cellular synthetic processees (DNA,RNA) proteins |
| polar molecules with hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions this opens up leaky spots that allow injurious chemicals to seep into the cell and important ions to leak out | surfactants |
| the normal 3D configuration of proteins that allows proper function | NORMAL (Native State) |
| flattened/ wont function disruption of proteins, rendering them nonfunctional | denature |
| what are the methods of physical control? | heat is the most widely used methods of microbial control radiation filtration untrasonic waves cold |
| temperature is 121 take is to sterilize hot water, boiling wateles r, steam ranges from 60*C to 135*C | Moist Heat |
| the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temp | thermal death time |
| the lowest temperature required to kill a microbes in a sample in 10 minute | thermal death point |
| preserves food dehydrates | desiccation |
| energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space | radiatrion |
| radiation suitable for microbial control | gamma rays xrays ultraviolet radiation |
| ranges from 100 nm to 400nm most lethal from 240 nm to 280 nm peak at 260 | ultraviolet radiation |
| non-ionizing radiation initially absorbed by DNA forms pyrimidine dimers | UV Rays |
| an effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids water purification | filtration |
| what are the modes of action of germicides are to attack cellular targets | proteins nucleric acids cell walls cell membranes |
| fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine active ingredients in 1/3 of all antimicrobial chemicals | halogens |
| broadly used in industry and allied health household bleach is a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite | hypochlorite |
| used as an alternative to PURE CHLORINE IN WATER treatment | chloramines |
| first used as the major antimicrobial chemical toxic and irritating side effects | PHENOL |
| destroys vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses too toxic to use as antiseptics | PHENOLICS |
| only ethyl and isopropyl alcohol are appropriate for microbial control DESTROYS VEGETATIVE MICROBIAL FORMS BUT NOT ENDOSPORES | KNOW THIS |
| germicidal effects are due to toxic reactive oxygen | H2O2(hydrogen peroxide) |
| skin and wound cleansing, bedsore care, mouthwashes | antiseptic |
| soft contacts, surgical implants, plastic equipment etc | disinfectant |
| sufactants are what? | detergents |
| limited microbial power activity due to amhipathic nature of the molecule | sufactants |
| toxic in minute quantities | oligodynamic |
| sterilizes and disinfects plastic and delicate hospital instruments | ethylene oxide |
| less toxic safer than ETO for sterlization of foods | propylene oxide |
| blocking cell wall synthesis digesting the cell wall breaking down the surface of the cell wall | damages to the cell wall |
| know this | a cell with a damaged cell wall is fragile and becomes lysed easily |
| know this | detergents and alcohols disrupt the cell wall |
| KNOW THIS | the cell wall membrane and viral envelope are composed of lipids and proteins |
| disruption of the cell membrane causes | loss of selective permeability loss of vital molecules |
Created by:
CaylahMone
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