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BI Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conjugation | The process by which one bacterium passes genetic information to another bacterium is called _____________ |
| transduction | The process by which bacteria become genetically altered (recombined with other DNA) by receiving DNA delivered by a virus is called ____________ |
| plasmid | Bacteria contain a single, large, naked chromosome, but may possess an additional small loop of DNA, called a __________ |
| conjugation | Therefore, bacteria may share plasmids in a one-way transfer called ________________ |
| transformation | Bacteria are marvelous in they may also acquire plasmid DNA found free in their environment by the process called ___________ |
| transduction | Furthermore, bacteria may acquire bacteria from the transfer of DNA by means of a virus, a process called ______________ |
| restriction | The molecular scissors that cut DNA into fragments are called _________________ enzymes |
| protect bacteria from the harm of viruses | What is the function of restriction enzymes in nature? |
| short DNA | DNA can migrate in a gel under electrical current, but the speed of migration is affected by the length of the DNA. Therefore, the relative size of DNA that travels the fastest and therefore the longest distance in a gel in a given amount of time is |
| Bt crops | What name is given to genetically modified crops made transgenic by a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis? |
| primers | The short, single strands of DNA used to target specific regions of DNA to be replicated during PCR are called _________ |
| polymerase chain reaction | Translate the abbreviation PCR |
| Selects genome segments to analyze then Amplifies these segments from tiny amounts of source DNA | What does PCR do? |
| primers | In PCR, DNA polymerase replicates DNA. But, in order to do so DNA polymerase requires ______ in order to begin replicating DNA. |
| primers | Only DNA marked by ________ is replicated |
| protein | The DNA virus below has an outer coat made of ___________ |
| membrane | The RNA virus (retrovirus) has an outer ____________ derived from the host cell |
| reverse transcriptase | Name of enzyme in retroviruses that constructs DNA from viral RNA template once inside a host cell |
| DNA | Once inside the host cell retrovirus RNA is converted into _______ |
| transcribes and translates | The host cell then _________ and _______ the genetic instructions (now in DNA form) of the virus |
| transgenic | ___________ bacteria produce human insulin |
| genetically modified organisms | Translate the abbreviation GMO |
| DNA Polymerase that is resistant to heat | What relevance does Thermus aquaticus have for biotechnology? |
| Yellowstone National Park | Where was T. aquaticus discovered? |
| ability to insert genes into tissues giving problems | What is gene therapy? |
| nondisjunction | The failure of homoloqous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is termed ______________________. |
| red/green color blindness, hemophilia | Give an example of an X-linked genetic disorder. |
| missing a chromosome or having too many | What is aneuploidy? |
| XXX, XXY, down syndrome, etc. | What human genetic conditions did we cover that are the results of aneuploidy? |
| count the chromosomes and diagnose conditions | What is the purpose of karyotype analysis? |
| XXX, XXY, down syndrome, etc. | What human genetic conditions we covered are the result of X-linked genes (alleles)? |
| huntingtons, progeria, PKU | What are the autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant human genetic disorders we covered for Exam 3? |
| geology | The Theory of Uniformity by Charles Lyell comes from what branch of natural science? |
| 4.6 BYA | How old is Earth? |
| differential reproductive success | Three words that define natural selection |
| natural selection | According to Darwin, the mechanism driving evolutionary change is ________________ |
| directional | When microbes become resistant to antibiotics, which mode of natural selection is at work? |
| African finch | What example was given in class (also in your textbook) of disruptive selection? |
| stabilizing | Which mode of selection favors the intermediate phenotype? |
| theory of evolution | Name of theory that explains biological diversity: _____________________ |
| Wallace | Who wrote to Darwin in 1858 & explained natural selection? |
| Lemarck | Who proposed “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” as a theory of evolution? |
| homologous structures | Morphological divergence from an ancestral design produces |
| convergence | Morphological _________ produces analogous structure |
| microevolution | Genetic change in populations as measured by changing allelic (gene) frequencies is a scale of evolution known as _______________________________ |
| descent with modification | The meaning of extant is |
| What are the three groups of extant mammals and their features as we covered? | |
| Which of the three groups of extant mammals appears first (oldest) in the fossil record? | |
| Attributes that increase reproductive success? | Fitness in evolution is always which below: Attributes that increase size? Attributes that decrease size? Attributes that increase an elder’s lifespan? Attributes that increase physical strength? Attributes that increase reproductive success? |
| All are true, depending on the situation | Which may lead to increase reproductive success? Increase in speed of four-legged animal. Increase in water retention in desert plant. Increase in sense of smell in a wild dog. Increase in effective pollination between flowers. |
| A). Sickle Cell Disease B). Cystic fibrosis C). PKU, Phenylketonuria | Name three Autosomal recessive disorders |
| Phenylalanine | 1 of 8 essential amino acids |
| Phenylketonurics | excess dietary Phenylalanine (Phe) leads to mental retardation |
| Urea (safe waste) | Normally: Phe with Enzyme A |
| Phe Phenylketone (toxic waste) | Phe without Enzyme disrupts brain |
| Huntington Disease, Progeria | Autosomal Dominant disorders |
| Spontaneous mutation | Huntington is sometimes a genetic disease that is not inherited. How? |
| Progeria | always from mutation. The gene codes for a protein that holds the nucleus together. Apparently the egg or sperm contained the defective gene acquired by mutation. |
| John Tacket and Megan Nighbor | two examples of people with progeria |
| SRY | Y carries the _________ gene- for maleness |
| Hermaphrodites | male & female in same body, No sex chromosomes. ex. Slugs & earthworms |
| speciation | Creates new species |
| Turner Syndrome XO, 2n – 1 = 45 | sterile, short females |
| XXX condition | ~normal female |
| XXY | Klinefelter syndrome |
| Low testosterone | at puberty interferes with sexual development |
| XYY condition | Super Male |
| Down Syndrome | Trisomy 21 |
| nondisjunction | one cause of abnormal chromosome numbers |
| polyploidy | extreme case of nondisjunction = 3 or more sets of chromosomes |
| X-linked recessive disorders | gene is on the X chromosome |
| hemophilia | Proteins fail to clot blood |
| Noncellular | acellular |
| viruses | Acellular; Tiny particles w/no organelles or ribosomes; Bits of DNA or RNA and Protein; Often w/membrane, “envelope,” from host |
| DNA viruses | core of DNA surrounded by protein coat; Host cell transcribes & translates |
| producing viral proteins & viral DNA (builds new viruses), Leads to host cell death | Host cell transcribes & translates Viral DNA |
| A “bacteriophage” | a virus that kills bacteria. |
| AIDS virus (HIV) | example of RNA/retrovirus |
| Membrane allows entry into host (has “keys” to gain entry); The enzyme (reverse transcriptase); Host cell transcribes/translates this DNA creating new viruses | Functions of RNA/retrovirus |
| bacteria | Simpler than eukaryotic cells • Useful in food industry (cheese, et al.) • Grown for antibiotics • Used in Biotechnology • Some are pathogens of animals or plants |
| chromosome | large circular loop of DNA |
| plasmids | small loops of DNA |
| fission | cell division |
| transformation | taking up DNA from the environment |
| transduction | transfer of DNA by means of a virus |
| conjugation | direct transfer of a plasmid betweet cells |
| restriction enzymes | cell defense against virus infection; Tool to cut specific genes out of one species and splice into another |
| Transgenic organisms | have been given a foreign gene |
| Selective breeding programs, bioechnology | methods of gene transfer |
| Selective breeding programs | limited to “w/in species” [intra-specific] transfer |
| biotechnology | 1) Isolate gene of interest & insert it into a virus, making it transgenic 2) Transgenic vector (virus) • inserts gene into animals & plants Inserted gene may disrupt other genes |
| CRISPR | edits genes in place (no gene insertions, no disruptions) |
| gene therapy | insert healthy genes into selected tissues of patient |
| "roundup ready" crops | Gene from Salmonella protects against Roundup |
| Xenotransplantation | animal organs put in humans |
| genome | All DNA in a set of chromosomes |
| 2 (one from mom, and one from dad) | how many genomes do humans have? |
| junk DNA | Ex. short tandem repeats – non-coding, highly variable regions. Ex. TTTTCTTTTCTTTTC, 3 repeats |
| genomics | science of sequencing & comparing genomes |
| eugenics | genetic enhancement of human race; ex. eliminate hereditary disorders by limiting reproductive rights |
| Ebola virus | Similar to retrovirus but with “negative-sense” RNA, i.e. RNA is copied directly to mRNA & translated by host |
| 1. Species related by common ancestry 2. Change through time accrues in populations 3. The main cause of evolution is natural selection | Darwinism claims |
| Lamarck's “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” | Organisms direct change by their own efforts; Explains adaptations, but offers no mechanism of change |
| Darwin and Wallace | Evolution by Natural Selection Founded by 2 people |
| Darwin | On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
| Lyell's | Principles of Geology • Included “Theory of Uniformity” |
| Theory of Uniformity | Geological processes uniform through time |
| natural selection and mutation | What mechanism explains the diversity of life? |
| fossils | extant forms descended from extinct forms |
| Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population | Human suffering, poverty, death due to increasing population competing for limited resources. |
| morphological variations | Differences in color, shape, form [Importance of Taxonomy] |
| physiological variations | Growth rates; chemical tolerance, etc |
| artificial selection | we breed other species for selected traits |
| differential reproductive success | results from the interaction of organisms with their environment |
| population | group of individuals of same species |
| Gould | A paleontologist, Wrote popular books including: Wonderful Life |
| gene flow | alleles gained/lost as individuals migrate |
| directional selection | favors an extreme phenotype; Occurs when environments (situations) change – Pests w/ pesticides-- chance mutation gives resistance – Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics |
| disruptive selection | intermediate phenotype not favored & 2 extremes favored |
| stabilizing selection | As mutations and gene flow create extreme phenotypes, selective forces eliminate their success; favors intermediate phenotype, extremes ill-favored |
| sexual dimorphism | males and females vastly different |
| macroevolution | changes accrue to new species, new kingdoms of life |
| Archaeopterix | both birds and reptiles characters |
| biogeography | geographical distribution of plants & animals |
| monotremes | egg laying mammals |
| marsupials | immature young develop in a pouch |
| placental mammals | unborn nourished in uterus; more developed at birth. Most advanced mammals. |
| Homologous structures | structures w/ morphological divergence from an ancestral design |
| vestigial organs | structures reduced in size & of little (or modified) function |
| Ontogeny | embryonic development |
| Recapitulates | replays |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history |
| Evolutionary Developmental Biology | looks for genes & their chemical processes that control body part development and placement during the embryo stages |
| molecular biology | Genetic code shared by all life – Molecules more similar in close relatives |
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