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Bio MIdterm 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cellular Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 =6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Cellular Respiration Stage 1 | Glycolysis |
| Cellular Respiration Stage 2 | Preparation Reaction |
| Cellular Respiration Stage 3 | Citric Acid Cycle |
| Cellular Respiration Stage 4 | Oxidation Phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis | Glucose is split int 2 pyruvate molecules |
| Location of Glycolysis | Occurs in Cytosol |
| Phase 1 of Glycolysis | Energy Investment |
| Energy Investment | 2ATP is hydrolyzed to create fructose-1 and 6 biphosphate |
| Phase 2 of Glycolysis | Clevage |
| Clevage | 6 carbons broken into 2 3-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Phase 3 of Glycolysis | Energy Liberation |
| Energy Liberation and Output | 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken into 2 pyruvate producing 2NADH2 +2ATP |
| Preparation Reaction and Output | Breakdown of pyruvate and transported to the mitochondrial matrix, one molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate; remaining acetyl group is attached to a CoA to make acetyl CoA; 1 NADH2 is made from each pyruvate |
| Location of Preparation Reaction | Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix |
| Citric Acid Cycle | a series of chemical reactions used to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into CO2 |
| Overall Goal of the Citric Acid Cycle | 2CO2 are released and high energy electron carriers are produced; OAA is reformed, producing ATP in the process and making more high energy electron carriers |
| Oxidation Phosphorylation Goal | high energy electrons removed from ADH2 and FADH2 to make ATP |
| Oxidation Phosphorylation | electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one molecule to the next through redox reactions and the electrons lose energy with each step; glucose and water have been combined to form CO2 and H2O |
| ETC | turns NADH and FADH2 into H2O and ATP |
| Final Acceptor | O2 becomes H2O |
| Chemiosmosis | movement of electrons in the ETC generates H+ electrochemical gradient, as H+ flows back across the membrane, it flows through ATP synthase |
| Fermentation | First step is glycolysis, then animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate, and regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis going |
| Alcohol fermentation | Anaerobic carb breakdown pathway that make ATP and ethyl alcohol, occurs in cytoplasm |
| Alcohol fermentation used in.... | used in wine and breads |
| Lactate Fermentation | Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces ATP and lactate, occurs in muscles |
| Lactate fermentation used in.... | Used in cheeses and pickles |
| Lactate Fermentation in Muscles | ATP is produced primarily by aerobic respiration in red muscle fibers, which sustain activities that require endurance |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Photosynthesis definition | energy within light is captured to synthesize carbs, occurs in cholorplasts |
| How do pigments work? | chloroplasts absorb all color frequencies except green light, which it reflects |
| photosystem I | A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. |
| photosystem II | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. |
| Light Reactions | occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and converts solar energy to ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. |
| Cyclic | Only photosytem 1 is envolved, Active reaction center = P700, Electrons travel in cyclic manner, Only ATP is produced, Photolysis is absent |
| Noncyclic | photosystem 1 & 2 are envolved, Active reaction centre = P680, ATP & reduced NADP are produced, Photolysis present, O2 is evolved as a by-product |
| Light Independent/ Calvin Cycle | involves fixation of CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate |
| Carbon Fixation | Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each |
| Phases of the Calvin Cycle | Carbon Fixation, Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P, Regeneration of RuBP |
| absorption spectrum | The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a graph of such a range. |
| glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) | A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis |
| Function of cell singnaling | These molecules recognize and bind to receptors on the surface of target cells where they cause a cellular response by means of a signal transduction pathway |
| 5 ways signals are relayed | 1. Direct intercellular signaling 2. Contact-dependent signaling 3. Autocrine 4. Paracrine 5. Endocrine |
| 3 stages of cell signaling | 1. Receptor Activation 2. Signal Transduction 3. Cellular Response- Hormone SIgnaling |
| LIgand | Any molecule that binds to a receptor site of another molecule |
| types of cell surface receptors | 1. Ion-channel-linked receptors 2. G-protein linked receptors 3. Enzyme-linked receptors |
| intracellular receptors | Hormones like Estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D |
| protein kinases | An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein |
| phosphorylation | turns many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity |
| characteristics of receptor tyrosine kinases | enzyme-linked receptors, single-pass membrane proteins, extracellular ligand-binding domain, intracellular kinase domain |
| G protein-coupled receptor | a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G protein-linked receptor |
| cAMP | A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger. |
| hormones | in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning |
| epinephrine | Raises heart rate, breathing rate, blood sugar, and also lowers blood flow to digestive system |
| DNA Replication criteria | 1. information 2. replication 3. transmission 4. variation |
| Griffith experiment | 2 strands of bacteria (R- harmless ad S- deadly) Heat killed S = harmless Heat killed S + live R = deadly ~showed that bacteria can get DNA through transformation |
| Avery, McLeod, and McCarty exeriment | used Grifith's experiment eliminate protein = mouse dies eliminate RNA = mouse dies eliminate DNA = mouse lives ~showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes |
| Hershey and Chase experiment | used 2 radioactive isotopes (sulfur- put in DNA and phosphorous- put in proteins) found radioactive P in the bacteria grown ~DNA was being passed onto the new generation and must be heredity material |
| Watson and Crick | determined the DNA structure was a double helix through their X-ray crystallographic studies |
| DNA replication | process of copying the DNA molecule |
| structure of DNA | phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases |
| Nitrogenous bases are held together by what kind of bond? | hydrogen bonds |
| nucleotides are held together by what kind of bond? | covalent bonds |
| Four features summarize the molecular architecture of DNA | 1. double stranded helix 2. uniform diameter 3. right handed twist 4. antiparallel |
| Five levels of DNA structure | 1. nucleotides 2. form a strand 3. double helix 4. chromosomes in association with proteins 5. genome- complete compliment of an organisms genetic material |
| processes of DNA relipcation | conservative and semiconservative |
| semiconservative | less mistakes, contains one template strand and one daughter strand identical to template |
| step 1 of DNA replication | uncoil and pull apart |
| Step 2 of DNA replication | add complementary bases |
| DNA- A bonds with | T |
| DNA- T bonds with | A |
| DNA- C bonds with | G |
| DNA- G bonds with | C |
| RNA- A bonds with | U |
| RNA- U bonds with | A |
| DNA Polymerase | binds to template strand and covalently links nucleotides |
| DNA helicase | used to unwind |
| DNA topoisomerase | alters the super coiled form of a DNA molecule |
| DNA Primase | makes the primer strand |
| Leading strand | will be in the correct orientation |
| Lagging strand | will be in the reverse orientation |
| Okazaki fragments | are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication |
| Ligase | seals okazaki fragments together |
| Chromosome Compaction | DNA is compacted by wrapping itself around a group of proteins called histones, forming a nucleosome |
| Transcription | the info in DNA is transferred to RNA |
| Central Dogma | DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins |
| Garrod, Beadle and Tatum's one gene-one enzyme hypothesis | the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway |
| gene | a section of DNA that codes for a functional product |
| Stages of Prokayrotic transcription | 1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination |
| initiation | sigma factors cause RNA polymerase to recognize a promoter, DNA strands seperate near a promoter to form an open complex |
| elongation | RNA polymerase synthesis RNA template strand used for RNA synthesis, uracil substituted for thymine |
| termination | RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence causes it and newly made RNA transcript to disassociate form DNA, |
| Direction of transcription | In all cases, synthesis of RNA transcript is 5’ to 3’ and DNA template strand reads 3’ to 5’ |
| Stages of Eukaryotic transcription | 1. initiation 2. elongation 3. RNA processing 4. termination |
| RNA processing | Splicing, Capping, Poly A Tail |
| Splicing | removal of introns |
| Spliceosome | Composed of snRNPs |
| Capping | Modified guanosine attached to 5’ end (Binding to ribosome) |
| Poly A tail | 100-200 adenine nucleotides added to 3’ end (Increases stability and lifespan in cytosol) |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | translates mRNA into amino acids |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | part of ribosomes |
| Introns | transcribed but not translated |
| Exons | coding sequence found in mature mRNA |
Created by:
ZebraQueen12
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