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Cells
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell theory | a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells these cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction |
| cytoplasm | the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus |
| organelle | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell |
| prokaryotic cell | unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures |
| eukaryotic cell | any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes |
| Cytoskeleton | the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division |
| Nucleus | in physical science, an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| ribosome | a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
| golgi apparatus | a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell |
| vesicle | a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell |
| mitochondrion | in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP |
| vacuole | a fluid-filled vesicle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells or protozoans |
| lysosome | a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| centriole | an organelle that is active during mitosis |
| cell wall | a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| cell membrane | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| fluid mosaic model | |
| selective permeability | |
| receptor | a specialized sensory nerve that responds to specific types of stimuli |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density |
| concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water or another solvent from a more dilute solution (of a solute) to a more concentrated solution (of the solute) through a membrane that is permeable to the solvent |
| isotonic | a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell |
| hypertonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| hypotonic | describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell |
| facilitated diffusion | the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins |
| active transport | the movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy |
| endocytosis | the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
| phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells, either as a defense mechanism or as a means to obtain food |
| exocytosis | the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out |
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