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Skeletal System
Bio 231 unit 4 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fissure | D: narrow slit or cleft P: opening for vessels and nerves |
| Foramen | D: opening or hole P: opening for vessels and nerves |
| Fossa | D: shallow depression P: muscle attachment or articulation |
| Meatus | D: tube-like passageway or opening P: canal/ passage for vessels and nerves |
| Condyle | D: smooth, rounded articular process P: articulation |
| Epicondyle | D: projection above a condyle P: muscle attachment |
| Head | D: rounded articular projection P: articulation |
| Trochanter | D: very large projection P: muscle attachment |
| Tubercle | D: small, rounded projection P: muscle attachment |
| Tuberosity | D: large, roughened projection P: muscle attachment |
| Skull | -8 cranial bones that enclose the brain -14 facial bones -associated bones (middle ear ossicles and hyoid) |
| Vertebral Column | -24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx |
| Thoracic Cage | -sternum -24 ribs |
| Ethmoid bone | cribriform foramina allow passage of neurons for olfactory nerve (I) |
| Sphenoid bone (butterfly) | -sella tursica encases pituitary gland -optic canal allows passage of optic nerve (II) |
| Temporal bone | -Internal acoustic meatus allows passage of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) -bone houses middle and inner ear |
| External acoustic meatus | leads to tympanic membrane |
| Mandibular fossa | articulates with mandible |
| Mastoid process | attachment for some muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid) |
| Zygomatic process | forms zygomatic arch with temporal process of zygomatic bone |
| Sella tursica | pituitary gland |
| Optic canal | optic nerve (II) |
| Foramen ovale | Trigeminal nerve (V) (mandibular branch) |
| Foramen rotundum | trigeminal nerve (V) (maxillary branch) |
| Nasal Conchae | increase airflow turbulence for moistening, cleaning, and warming |
| Nasal Complex | -paranasal sinuses -nasal conchae -air-filled cavities in facial and cranial bones (open into nasal cavity) -decreases bone weight -add resonance to voice |
| Respiratory epithelium lining | helps humidify and warm air |
| Superior orbital fissure | -oculomotor nerve (III) -trochlear nerve (IV) -trigeminal nerve (V) -abducens nerve (VI) -ophthalmic veins |
| Hyoid bone | -no articulations -provides attachment sites for muscles of tongue and larynx |
| Vertebral Column functions (4) | -provides vertical support -supports weight of the head -transfers weight to appendicular skeleton through lower limbs (hips, thighs, and legs) -protects spinal cord |
| Intervertebral disc- Annulus fibrosus | outer ring of fibrocartilage |
| Intervertebral disc- Nucleus pulposus | gelatinous interior |
| Curvature abnormalities: Kyphosis | exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback) |
| Curvature abnormalities: Lordosis | -exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback) -common for pregnant women |
| Curvature abnormalities: Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature |
| Cervical Vertera | most mobile vertebrae |
| Cervical Vertebra: Spinous process | bifid (divided process) often |
| Cervical Vertebra: Transverse foramina | -C1-C6 -vertebral arteries and vein |
| Cervical Vertebra: Atlas | -lacks a body and spinous process -oval sup. facets articulate with occipital condyles (articulation with occipital condyles allows "yes" nodding) |
| Cervical Vertebra: Axis | -dens that articulates with facet on atlas -held in place by transverse ligament -articulation with atlas allows "no" nodding |
| Thoracic Vertebra: Body | -medium and heart shaped -Costal facets or demifacets on body and transverse processes |
| Thoracic Vertebra: Spinous process | long, most project inferiorly |
| Thoracic Cage: Sternum | -Manubrium, body, xiphoid process -2nd rib attaches at sternal angle |
| Thoracic Cage: Ribs | -1-7 are true ribs that attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages -8-12 are false ribs -11-12 are floating ribs that do not attach |
| Lumbar Vertebra: Body | large |
| Lumbar Vertebra: Spinous process | -broad, points, almost points posteriorly -attachment of posterior muscles |
| Lumbar Vertebra: Transverse process | relatively short and thick |
| Sacrum | -5 fused bones -fusion begins shortly after puberty |
| Sacrum: Articular surface | -articulation with os coxae of pelvic girdle -sacroiliac joint |
| Sacrum: Anterior sacral foramina | -allows passage of anterior rami of spinal nerves -posterior rami to the back |
| Pectoral girdle | articulation of clavicle and scapula |
| Pelvic girdle | os coxae composed of the illium, ischium, and pubis |
| Pectoral girdle: Clavicle | -"collarbone" -articulates with the sternum (manubrium) and scapula (acromion) |
| Pectoral girdle: Scapula (anterior surface) | not directly attached to axial skeleton |
| (Scapula) Acromion process articulates with what? | clavicle |
| (scapula) Glenoid Cavity articulates with what? | head of humerus |
| Scapula (posterior surface) | spine is continuous with the acromion |
| Scapula (lateral surface) | -supraglenoid tubercle -infraglenoid tubercle |
| Humerus (anterior brachium) Head articulates with? | -anatomical neck (epiphyseal plate) -surgical neck (fracture site) -deltoid tuberosity -capitulum -trochlea |
| Humerus(anterior brachium): Capitulum articulates with? | head of radius |
| Humerus (anterior brachium): Trochlea articulates with? | trochlear notch of ulna |
| Humerus (posterior brachium): Radial groove | radial nerve and blood vessels follow this groove |
| Humerus (posterior brachium): Olecranon fossa | depression for the olecranon of ulna |
| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Radial notch | -notch in ulna that accommodates head of the radius -in pronation, radius crosses over ulna |
| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Interosseus membrane | -dense regular connective tissue -helps maintain a fixed separation |
| Radius and Ulna (antibrachium): Radial tuberosity | I- biceps brachii |
| Hand (manus): Carpals | -carpus= wrist -articulates with radius and ulna |
| Hand (manus): Metacarpals | -palmar= palm -dense regular connective tissue -helps maintain a fixed separation |
| Hand (manus): Phalanges | -digitals -only two in the thumb (pollex) |
| Pelvic Girdle: Os coxae | -"hip bones" -illium, ischium, and pubis -fused bones -illium articulates with sacrum at auricular surface (sacroiliac joint) |
| Pelvic Girdle: Acetabulum | articulates with the femur |
| Pelvic Girdle: Iliac crest | O- gluteus maximus |
| Pelvic Girdle: Greater Sciatic Notch | sciatic nerve passes to lower limb |
| Pelvic Girdle: Ischial tuberosity | _"sit bone" -O- several muscle that extend thigh |
| Pelvis: True pelvis | -inlet is space surrounded by pelvic brim -outlet bounded by sacrum, coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis |
| Pelvis: Outlet | -outlet bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligament (STL) and inferior border of pubic symphysis -not just an oval suggested by inferior view -has a bend |
| Pelvis: Female pelvis | -sacrum is usually shorter and wider, has a posterior tilt -body of pubis is longer -subpubic angle is > 100 degrees (90 or less in males) |
| Femur | -articulates with the acetabulum -ligament connects the acetabulum to the fovea (pit) in the femur |
| Femur: Neck | andles into the shaft brining knees closer to midline |
| Femur: Greater trochanter | I- gluteus medius and mininmus (abductors) |
| Femur: Patellar surface | articulates with patella, a sesamoid bone in tendon of the quadriceps femoris |
| Femur: Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera | I- gluteus maximus (thigh extension) |
| Femur: Medial and lateral condyles | articulates with tibia |
| Tibia (shinbone) | -weight-bearing bone -articulates with femur via medial and lateral condyles |
| Tibia: Medial malleolus | Medial bump on ankle |
| Fibula | -non-weight-bearing bone -lateral to tibia |
| Fibula: two tibiofibular joints | -superior at the fibular articular facet -inferior at fibular notch |
| Fibula: Lateral malleolus | Lateral bump at ankle |
| Tarsals | -7 ankle bones -Talus articulates with tibia and fibula |
| Tarsals: Calcaneus | forms heel |
| Metatarsals | 5 bones of the sole of the foot |
| Phalanges | -14 toe bones -big toe (hallux) has 2 phalanges |
| Arches of the foot functions | -helps support weight of body -blood vessels and nerves are not compressed (pinched) when standing |
| Structural Joint Classification: Fibrous | bones held together by dense regular connective tissue |
| Structural Joint Classification: Cartilaginous | bones are joined by cartilage |
| Structural Joint Classification: Synovial | -Fluid-filled cavity separates the articulating surfaces of the bone -surfaces enclosed within a capsule and the bones are joined by ligaments |
| Synovial Joint: Articular capsule | -Fibrous layer of dense regular connective tissue -attaches bones -ligaments and tendons further strengthen joint |
| Synovial Joint: Synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid | -fluid lubricates cartilage -fluid nourishes cartilage -shock absorber |
| Synovial Joint: Bursa | -Fibrous sac-like structure -contains synovial fluid and lined by a synovial membrane -reduces friction -found where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together |
| Synovial Joint: Fat pads | packing material and protection for joint |
| Knee: Tibiofemoral joint | -mostly a hinge joint -limited gliding and rotation -patellofemoral joint also part of the knee joint |
| Knee: Articular capsule | -encloses only medial, lateral, and posterior region -quadriceps femoris tendon passes over anterior surface -patella embedded in tendon |
| Knee: Collateral ligaments | -fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments help stabilize the joint |
| Knee: Tibial collateral ligament | -prevents hyperabduction of the leg -attaches to the medial meniscus |
| Knee: ACL | -Anterior cruciate ligament -runs from posterior femur to anterior tibia -prevents femur from moving too far posteriorly relative to the tibia |
| Knee: Medial and lateral menisci | c-shaped fibrocartilage that cushion and stabilize the joint |
| Knee: Terrible (unhappy) triad | -lateral stress -tibial collateral ligament is strained or torn -medial meniscus is injured because it is attached to the tibial collateral ligament -force is transferred to the weak ACL which is torn |
| Types of joints (motion): Plane | -only side-to-side movement are possible -least mobile |
| Types of joints (motion): Condylar | -oval convex and concave articular surfaces -back-and-forth and side-to-side (knuckles) |
| Types of joints (motion): Saddle | saddle-shaped bones allow greater range of movement than condylar joints |
| Types of joints (motion): Pivot | -bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and a second bone -movement in one plane |
| Types of joints (motion): Hinge | -Convex surface on one bone fits into concave surface on another bone -movement in one plane |
| Types of joints (motion): Ball-and-Socket | -hip joint and glenohumeral joint -spherical articulating head fits into rounded cup-like socket -movement in three axes |
| Movements at joints: Flexion | angle between articulating bone decreases |
| Movements at joints: Extension | angle between articulating bone increases |
| Movements at joints: Hyperextension | extension past the anatomic position |
| Movements at joints: Lateral flexion | vertebral column moves in either lateral direction along a coronal plane |
| Movements at joints: Abduction | movement of bone away from the midline |
| Movements at joints: Adduction | movement of bone toward ("added") the midline |
| Movements at joints: Circumduction | a continuous movement that combines: -flexion -abduction -extension -adduction |
| Movements at joints: Depression | inferior movement |
| Movements at joints: Dorsiflexion | dorsum of the foot moves closer to the leg |
| Movements at joints: Inversion | turns sole of foot medially (inward) |
| Movements at joints: Protraction | anterior movement from the anatomical position |
| Movements at joints: Opposition | thumb moves across palm |
| Movements at joints: Pronation | rotation of the forearm that turn palm posteriorly |
| Movements at joints: Supination | rotation of the forearm that turn palm anteriorly |
| Movements at joints: Medial Rotation | turns anterior surface of the humerus or femur medially |
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yulissalira
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