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Microbio Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sum of All chemical reactions and workings of a cell | Metabolism |
| Synthesis of cell molecules and structures Also known as biosynthesis | Anabolism |
| Breaks the bonds of larger molecules to release energy | Catabolism |
| Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or consumed in the reaction Start chemical reaction | Catalyst |
| Are biological catalyst | Enzymes |
| Metabolism accomplishes what | Assemble smaller molecules into large macromolecules for the cell,utilizing ATP degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules, a process they yields energy |
| What are the reaction molecules upon which enzymes act | Substrates |
| _________ binds to substrates and participate directly in Cisneros to the substrate | Enzymes |
| Consist of protein alone | Simple enzymes |
| Contain protein and some other nonprotein molecule | Conjugated enzymes (HOLOENZYMES) |
| The two protein molecules are __________&_________ | Simple enzymes & conjugated enzymes |
| Protein portion of the enzyme | Apoenzymes |
| Nonprotein portion | Cofactor |
| Organic factors | Coenzyme |
| Actual site where the substrate Nimda | Active site or catalytic site |
| Organic compounds that work worth the apoenzyme to alter the substrate | Coenzyme |
| Transfers electrons from one substrate to another and DEHYDROGENASE transfer to hydrogen from one compound to another | Oxidoreductases |
| Transfer hydrogen from one compound to another | Transferase |
| Cleaves bonds on molecules with the addition of water | Hydrolase |
| Adds groups or removes groups from double bonded substrates | Lyases |
| Change a substrate to its isomeric form | Isomerase |
| Catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water | Ligases |
| Transported extracellular extracellularly Breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals | Exoenzymes |
| Retained intracellularly and function there Most enzymes of metabolic pathways | Endoenzymes |
| Always present in relatively constant amounts, regardless of the cellular environment | Constitutive enzymes |
| Production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentrated substrate | Regulated enzymes |
| Loss of electrons A compound that loses electrons is oxidized | Oxidation |
| Gain of electrons | Reduction |
| Considered ______ or ______ because they contribute to disease | Virulence factors, toxins |
| A molecule that resembles the substrate occupies the active site, preventing the substrate from binding | Competitive inhibition |
| Enzymes have two binding sets A binding site and regulated site Regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate to the regulatory site | Noncompetative inhibition |
| Releases energy as they go forward Energy is avaliable for doing cellular work | Energetic reactions |
| Require the addition of energy to move forward | Endergenic reactions |
| Redox reactions always occur in pairs called | Redox pairs |
| What is the most common electron carrier | NAD |
| NAD reduced is what? | NADH+H1 or NADH |
| Oxygen is the final electron acceptor | Aerobic metabolism |
| Organic or inorganic compounds | Anaerobic metabolism |
| Need to know | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Nitrogen base | Adenine |
| 5 carbon sugar | Ribose |
| Adenine Ribose Three phosphate groups bonded to the ribose | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| Generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directed to ADP | Substrate level phosphorylation |
| A series of redox reactions occurring during the final phase of the respite ryann pathway | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| ATP formed through a series of sunlight driven reactions in phototroph | Photophosphorylation |
| What are the the basic catabolic pathways | Aerobic respiration , anaerobic respiration , fermentation |
| Is most commonly used to break down glucose | Glycolysis |
| Series of reactions that convert glucose and CO2 and allows the cell to recover significant amounts of Energy | Aerobic respiration |
| What are the steps to aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis The kerbs cycle Electron transport chain |
| Utilizes glycolysis the kerbs cycle and the electron transport chain â¢final electron acceptor can be NO3-,SO42-,CO32- | Anaerobic respiration |
| Electron transfer from fuel molecules to oxygen as a final electron acceptor | Aerobic respiration |
| Is enzymatically converted to pyruvic acid | Glucose |
| Utilized in several pathways by many organism | Pyruvic acid |
| Pyruvic acid is the fizzy converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before it enters the ________ ______ | Krebs cycle |
| Must know | ALL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE KREBS CYCLE HAPPEN TWICE FOR EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE BECAUSE TWO PYRUVATE ARE FORMED DURING GLYCOLYSIS |
| What are the main products of the Krebs cycle? | Reduced NADH and FADH2 2ATP produced through substrate level phosphorylation |
| Stationed asking the membrane in closet association with the EST carriers Captures released energy from the EST carriers | ATP synthase |
| The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport Each NADH that enters the ETS gives rise to 3 ATP molecules | Oxidation phosphorylation |
| As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons hydrogen jobs are actively pumped into the periplasmic slave or the space between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane | Chemiosmosis |
| Consist of differences in charge between the outside of the membrane (+) and the inside (-) H+ can only diffuse into the membrane through ATP synthase | Proton motive force |
| What is the total production of ATP | 40 |
| Aerobic respiration | 4 glycolysis 2 Krebs cycle 34 electron transport 2 ATP Expended in early glycolysis MAXIMUM OF 38 ATP PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE |
| Catalyzed by cytochrome oxidase React with oxygen to remove water 2H+ +2e- +1/2O2-->H2O | The terminal step |
| Nitrate reductase catalyze the removal of oxygen from NO3- reducing it to NO2- AND H2O | Nitrate and nitrite reduction systems |
| Takes out nitrogen Takes out oxygen Only wants to have nitrogen gas N2 | Denitrification |
| Yield a small amount of ATP | Fermentation |
| Occurs in yeast Covers pyruvic acid to ethanol | Alcoholic fermentation |
| Pathways are extremely varied Homolactic fermentation Heyerolactic fermentation | Acidic fermentation |
| Lactic acids bacteria reduce pyruvate to Lactic acid only | Homolactic fermentation |
| Glucose us formated to a mixture of lactic acid,acetic acid,and carbon dioxide | Heyerolactic fermentation |
| Breaks down fatty acids joined to glycerol | Lipases |
| Breakdown protein to their amino acid components | Proteases |
| Most catabolic pathways contain strategic molecular intermediates that can be diverted into anabolic pathways | Anphibolism |
| A compound that is the source of another compound | Precursor molecule |
| Pyruvate is a starting point for glucose synthesis | Gluconeogenisis |
| Can be converted into one of several amino acids | Acetyl CoA as a precursor |
| Pathways that synthesis purine and pyramidines originate in the amino acids | Precursors to DNA and RNA |
| Crucial role of glucose in metabolism and energy utilization | Carbohydrate biosynthesis |
| 20 amino acids are needed to make | Proteins |
| Proceed only in the presence of sun light | Light dependent reactions |
| Proceed regardless of the lighting conditions | Light independent reaction |
| Produce phosphate in light reaction Through Calvin cycle | Photophosphorylation |
| Occurs in the chloroplast stromal or the cytoplasmic of cyanobacteria | The Calvin cycle |
| Dominant type on earth Occurs in plants algae and cyanobacteria | Oxygenic (oxygen releasing) photosynthesis |
| Occurs in green and purple bacteria that utilize bacteriochlorophyll | Anoxygenic photosynthesis |
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CaylahMone
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