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Biology
Chapter 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| discipline of systematics | classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships |
| Taxonomy | ordered division and naming of organisms |
| binomial | The two-part scientific name of a species |
| taxon | A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy |
| phylogenetic trees | Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching |
| branch point | represents the divergence of two species |
| Sister taxa | groups that share an immediate common ancestor |
| rooted tree | includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
| basal taxon | diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group |
| polytomy | branch from which more than two groups emerge |
| Homology | similarity due to shared ancestry |
| Analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution |
| homoplasies | Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently |
| Molecular systematics | uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships |
| Cladistics | groups organisms by common descent |
| clade | group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| monophyletic | valid clade; signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants |
| paraphyletic | consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants |
| polyphyletic | consists of various species with different ancestors |
| shared ancestral character | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
| shared derived character | an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
| outgroup | a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup; a group that has diverged before the ingroup |
| ingroup | the various species being studied |
| Maximum parsimony | assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely |
| maximum likelihood | certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
| Orthologous genes | found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species |
| Paralogous genes | result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome |
| molecular clock | uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change |
| Neutral theory | states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and is not influenced by natural selection |
| Horizontal gene transfer | the movement of genes from one genome to another |
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danat214
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