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Biology Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archegonium | structure on a female gametophyte that bears a single megaspore (egg) cell. |
| Antheridium | structure on a male gametophyte that bears many sperm cells. |
| bryophyte | An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. |
| heterosporous | Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes. |
| homosporous | Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte. |
| liverwort | A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Hepatophyta. |
| megaspore | A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte. |
| microspore | A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte. |
| Spore | haploid cell that will give rise to haploid individuals capable of forming gametes. |
| Sporangium | structure that encloses the cells that have undergone meiosis to form spores. |
| blade | (1) A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis. (2) The flattened portion of a typical leaf. |
| dinoflagellate | Member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell. |
| Excavata | One of five supergroups of eukaryotes; have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an “excavated” feeding groove on one side of the cell body. See also Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta |
| pseudopodium | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
| radiolarian | A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body. |
| Rhizaria | One of five supergroups of eukaryotes; a morphologically diverse protist clade that is defined by DNA similarities. See also Excavata, Chromalveolata, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta. |
| thallus | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics. |
| Unikonta | One of five supergroups of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts. See also Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, and Archaeplastida. |
| basal taxon | In a specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group. |
| branch point | The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of 2 or more taxa from a common ancestor; usually shown as a dichotomy in which a branch representing the ancestral lineage splits into two branches, one for each of the two descendant lineages. |
| clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
| outgroup | A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied; is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied |
| monophyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade. |
| Xylem | conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids |
| Phloem | consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| Roots | are organs that anchor vascular plants |
| Leaves | are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis |
| Microphylls | leaves with a single vein |
| Megaphylls | leaves with a highly branched vascular system |
| Sporophylls | are modified leaves with sporangia |
| Sori | are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls |
| Strobili | are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls |
| homosporous | seedless vascular plants that produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte |
| heterosporous | All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants |
| Phylum Lycophyta | type of phyla of seedless vascular plants; includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts |
| Phylum Pterophyta | type of phyla of seedless vascular plants; includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
| ovule | consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments |
| pollen grains | what microspores develop into; contain the male gametophytes |
| Pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| Sepals | enclose the flower |
| Petals | are brightly colored and attract pollinators |
| Stamens | produce pollen |
| Carpels | produce ovules |
| anther | where the pollen is produced |
| Double fertilization | when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule |
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danat214
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