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Chapter 6
anatomy and physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Frontal/Coronal Plane | divides the body into front and back portions |
| Transverse/Axial Plane | divides the body into top and bottom portions |
| Sagittal/Lateral Plane | divides the body into (unequal) left and right halves |
| Midsagittal Plane | divides the body into equal left and right halves |
| Ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| tendons | connect bone to muscle |
| axial skeleton | skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, and vertebrae |
| appendicular skeleton | shoulder, arms, pelvis, and legs |
| mandible | lower jaw |
| orbit | eye socket; made up of maxilla and zygoma |
| cervical spine | C1-C7 |
| "Atlas" | C1 |
| "Axis" | C2 |
| thoracic spine | T1-T12 |
| lumbar spine | L1-L5 |
| Sacrum | five sacral vertebra fused together |
| coccyx | four coccygeal vertebra fused together |
| manubrium | upper section of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | lower, cartilaginous tip of the sternum |
| bones of the arm | humerus, ulna, radius |
| bones of the pelvis | ilium, ischium, pubis |
| bones of the leg | femur, tibia, fibula |
| function of the skeletal system | body shape, protection, movement |
| three types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| function of the muscular system | movement, heat, and protection |
| structures of the upper airway | nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx, larynx |
| structures of the lower airway | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles |
| epiglottis | leaf-shaped flap that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea |
| pleura | layer of tissue covering the lungs |
| ventilation | movement of air in and out of the lungs |
| respiration | process of gas exchange |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| chemical control of breathing | there is a buildup of CO2, then a decrease in CSF pH, which causes the brain to stimulate the phrenic nerve which contracts the diaphragm |
| hypoxic drive | brain regulates breathing based on oxygen levels (normally we breath in response to CO2 levels) |
| tidal volume | amount of air moving in or out of the lungs in a breath |
| dead space | portion of respiratory system that has no alveoli, so now gas exchange occurs |
| characteristics of normal breathing | normal rate x depth, regular pattern, audible breath sounds, regular rise and fall |
| labored breathing | effortful breathing, muscle retractions, pale/cyanotic skin, cool/clammy skin, tripod position |
| agonal gasps | may occur during cardiac arrest. not adequate. |
| blood flow through the heart | body --> s/i vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body |
| pulse points | radial (wrist), brachial (upper arm), carotid (neck), femoral (groin), posterior tibial (ankle), dorsalis pedis (top of foot) |
| systolic pressure | blood pressure when the ventricles are contracting |
| diastolic pressure | blood pressure when the heart is relaxed |
| perfusion | adequate blood flow to the cells/tissues of the body |
| shock | a state of inadequate circulation (hypoperfusion) |
| epinephrine | hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), causing increase HR, BP, and bronchodilation |
| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | all other nerves. consists of the motor and sensory division |
| motor division of the peripheral nervous system | consists of the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems |
| autonomic nervous system | consists of the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous systems |
| cerebellum | responsible for specific body movements like writing and drawing |
| organs of the digestive system | mouth, esophagus, salivary glands, pharynx, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, and anus |
| function of the pancreas | produces hormones like insulin and glucagon |
| insulin | hormone that allows sugar to enter the cells, thus lowering blood sugar |
Created by:
mlscott7
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