anatomy and physiology
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| Frontal/Coronal Plane | divides the body into front and back portions
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| Transverse/Axial Plane | divides the body into top and bottom portions
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| Sagittal/Lateral Plane | divides the body into (unequal) left and right halves
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| Midsagittal Plane | divides the body into equal left and right halves
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| Ligaments | connect bone to bone
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| tendons | connect bone to muscle
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| axial skeleton | skull, facial bones, thoracic cage, and vertebrae
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| appendicular skeleton | shoulder, arms, pelvis, and legs
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| mandible | lower jaw
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| orbit | eye socket; made up of maxilla and zygoma
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| cervical spine | C1-C7
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| "Atlas" | C1
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| "Axis" | C2
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| thoracic spine | T1-T12
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| lumbar spine | L1-L5
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| Sacrum | five sacral vertebra fused together
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| coccyx | four coccygeal vertebra fused together
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| manubrium | upper section of the sternum
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| xiphoid process | lower, cartilaginous tip of the sternum
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| bones of the arm | humerus, ulna, radius
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| bones of the pelvis | ilium, ischium, pubis
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| bones of the leg | femur, tibia, fibula
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| function of the skeletal system | body shape, protection, movement
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| three types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| function of the muscular system | movement, heat, and protection
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| structures of the upper airway | nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx, larynx
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| structures of the lower airway | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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| epiglottis | leaf-shaped flap that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea
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| pleura | layer of tissue covering the lungs
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| ventilation | movement of air in and out of the lungs
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| respiration | process of gas exchange
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| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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| chemical control of breathing | there is a buildup of CO2, then a decrease in CSF pH, which causes the brain to stimulate the phrenic nerve which contracts the diaphragm
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| hypoxic drive | brain regulates breathing based on oxygen levels (normally we breath in response to CO2 levels)
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| tidal volume | amount of air moving in or out of the lungs in a breath
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| dead space | portion of respiratory system that has no alveoli, so now gas exchange occurs
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| characteristics of normal breathing | normal rate x depth, regular pattern, audible breath sounds, regular rise and fall
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| labored breathing | effortful breathing, muscle retractions, pale/cyanotic skin, cool/clammy skin, tripod position
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| agonal gasps | may occur during cardiac arrest. not adequate.
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| blood flow through the heart | body --> s/i vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body
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| pulse points | radial (wrist), brachial (upper arm), carotid (neck), femoral (groin), posterior tibial (ankle), dorsalis pedis (top of foot)
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| systolic pressure | blood pressure when the ventricles are contracting
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| diastolic pressure | blood pressure when the heart is relaxed
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| perfusion | adequate blood flow to the cells/tissues of the body
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| shock | a state of inadequate circulation (hypoperfusion)
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| epinephrine | hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), causing increase HR, BP, and bronchodilation
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| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system | all other nerves. consists of the motor and sensory division
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| motor division of the peripheral nervous system | consists of the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems
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| autonomic nervous system | consists of the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous systems
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| cerebellum | responsible for specific body movements like writing and drawing
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| organs of the digestive system | mouth, esophagus, salivary glands, pharynx, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, and anus
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| function of the pancreas | produces hormones like insulin and glucagon
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| insulin | hormone that allows sugar to enter the cells, thus lowering blood sugar
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Created by:
mlscott7
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