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Bio 120 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Science? | Science is a way of explaining the natural world |
| Scientific Method | observation, question, hypothesis (testable & falsifiable), Experimental design, Data collection& analysis, conclusion |
| Two types of Scientific Inquiry | 1. Discovery Science(Going out in the world to observe) 2. Hypothesis-based science(Doing in a lab) |
| An example of Discovery Science is? | Jane Goodall |
| What is Biology? | Study of life (living organisms) OR An Inquiry into the study of life |
| What is Life? | 1. Carbon 2. Reproduction/Death 3. Development & Growth 4. Energy processing 5. Cells (Not living if not composed of cells) 6. Response to environment 7. Homeostasis 8. Order 9. Evolves (changes) |
| Are viruses living? | According to the Bio definition no. |
| What are the most common element s found in living matter? | Carbon-Oxygen-Hydrogen-Nitrogen |
| What other important elements are found in living matter? | Phosphorus-Sulfur-Calcium-Potassium-Chlorine-Magnesium |
| Define an atom. | Smallest unit of an element |
| Define an element. | Can not be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. |
| What is an isotope? | When the neutron number does not equal the proton number. |
| What are the subatomic particles and their charges? | Electrons-Negative Neutrons-Neutral Protons-Positive |
| How many electrons must the first shell have? | 2 electrons |
| Any shell after the first shell needs how many electrons? | 8 electrons to be happy or stable |
| The inner shell will have less or more energy? | Less energy but more energy potencial as you move on. |
| What are valence electrons? | Outer most shell electrons |
| Ionic Bonds ... | Donate electrons and are a weak bond |
| Cations are | Positive after bonding |
| Anions are | Negative after bonding |
| What are covalent bonds? | Cooperation- Sharing physical link-Strong Bonds |
| Structure determines... | FUNCTION |
| An example of a polar covalent bonds is | Hydrogen Bond |
| Polar covalent bonds... | Negative in Charge- Portions are slightly negative portions are slightly positive. |
| A Hydrogen bond... | Weak bond-NOT PHYSICALLY ATTACHED- Polar Covalent Hydrogen bond exist between two molecules- Between two waters- CANNOT have it between atom hydrogen and oxygen |
| A molecular mimic | Similar in shape the endorphin receptors will let into the body. Ex. Morphin/opids have the same shape as Natural endorphin |
| What are the Characteristics of Water? | 1 Polar(Polar Covalent Bond)- Cohesion-Adhesion and Surface tension 2 Moderation of temperature 3 Water is the solvent of life |
| What is Cohesion of water? | Collectively, the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together---- Contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants |
| What is Adhesion of water? | The clinging of one substance to another----Attraction between water molecules and surfaces. |
| What is Surface Tension? | Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| What is water's specific heat? | Water has a high specific heat. Meaning it takes a long time to warm up and takes a long time to cool down. |
| What is Specific Heat? | How much heat can be gained or lost per gram of substance. |
| What is a solute? | What's being dissolved in a solution |
| What is a Solvent? | The dissolving agent in a solution----Water is the UNIVERSAL solvent |
| What does Hydrophilic mean? | Things that LOVE water EX. Ions(Salts) and Polar molecules |
| What does Hydrophobic mean? | Things that DO NOT LOVE water EX. Vegetable oil and Nonpolarmolecules |
| Why do we need Hydrophobic things? | Because not everything needs to be dissolved. |
| Characteristics of Chemical Reactions. | <--> Means forwards and backwards Matter has just been rearranged by the breaking and making of chemical bonds, Not created nor destroyed |
| Strong acids do what in water? | Completely dissociate |
| Homeostasis requires reactions to occur in what direction? | Both directions |
| Weak acids... | Weak acids act as buffers. Weak base accepts H+ from solutions lowering the H+ concentration of the solution. Weak acid donates a H+ to solution raising the H+ concentration of the solution. |
| pH Scale is testing what? | H+ concentration |
| If the pH goes up... | the H+ Concentration goes down |
| If the pH is too low... | Raise the pH by taking H+ out of the solution. |
| To lower the pH when the pH is too high... | Put H+ in the solution |
| 7.4 is the pH of what? | Blood |
| How many valence electrons does Carbon have? | tetra-valence OR 4 electrons It's versatile |
| What is an Isomer? | 2 different molecules, same chemical formula |
| What are variations n carbon skeletons? | Length-Branching-Double Bonds-Rings |
| What are the three types of isomers? | Structural-Geometric-Enantiomers |
| Enantiomers | Are mirror images |
| Cis geometric isomers | Have like atoms attached on the same side of the carbon skeleton |
| Trans geometric isomers | Have like atoms attached on opposite sides of the carbon skeleton |
| Structural isomers | Differ in carbon arrangement |
| What are the six functional groups? | Hydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl-Amino-Sulfhydryl-Phosphate |
| Is methyl considered a Functional groups? | Methyl |
| Hydroxyl | -OH--Polarity Covalent bonded-Great dissolving agents-Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| Carbonyl | Double bonded-Ketone-Aldehyde |
| What is an Aldehyde? | Carbonyl group is connected to a TERMINAL carbon. Aldose=sugar |
| What is a Ketone? | Carbonyl group is connected to any INTERNAL carbons Ketose=Sugar |
| Carboxyl | Oxygen is double bonded to a carbon and a Hydroxyl is bonded to the SAME carbon |
| Amino group | -NH2 Neurotransmitter- Acts as a base & will accept H+ from solution |
| Sulfhydryl | -S-H Helps stabilize protein structure |
| Phosphate Group | One oxygen must be doubt;e bonded and one must be connected to a carbon. Make up Membranes. Has a potential to react with water releasing energy. |
| Methyl Group | NOT A FUNCTIONAL GROUP Biological tag-Recognition and gene expression -CH3 |
| What are the four classes of Large Biological Molecules? | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids |
| Are Lipids Macromolecules? | No, they don't have subunits(Monomers) that are similar. |
| Macromolecules... | Polymers of monomers Covalent bonds |
| What is dehydration? | Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Use to make a bond. |
| What is Hydrolysis? | Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond. |
| Carbohydrates... | Composed of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen Serve as fuel and building materials for the cell |
| What are Monosaccharides? | Simplest form of carbohydrates Glucose, frutose, Galactose |
| What are Disaccharide? | Double sugar consisting of 2 monosaccharides...joined by a dehydration reaction Sucrose, maltose, lactose |
| What are Polysaccharides? | Polymer of many sugar monomers Starch, glycogen |
| What is the type of linkage for a Carbohydrate? | Glycosidic linkages |
| Proteins are built from what monomer or components? | Amino acids |
| Kinds of proteins... | Enzymes(Speed up chemical reactions)Storage(Protein in egg whites are stored amino acid source for developing embryo)Transport(Hemoglobin)Communication(Insulin regulating concentration of glucose in blood)Movement(Muscle contractions)Immune system(antibod |
| Polypeptides? | Formed from a dehydration reaction. Monomer=Peptide Polymer of the monomer |
| Type of linkage in a protein? | polypeptides |
| Protein structure | Shape specific |
| Four types of protein structure? | Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
| Primary Structure... | Drives everything else Matters what order the amino acids are in Instructions are from DNA |
| Secondary Structure... | ALL Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds: Between Amino groups and Carboxyl groups of Non-peptide bonded amino acids Beta pleated sheets & Amino Acid Subunits |
| Tertiary Structure... | ALL about "R" groups Hydrogen bonds -between R groups Ionic Bonds- weak bonds Hydrophobic interactions- fall to the inside Disulfide bridge-Covalent bond, Strong bond |
| Quaternary Structure... | Proteins composed of more than one polypeptide chain (Something large like hemoglobin) |
| Other factors that determine a protein's shape... | Physical conditions of the environment(Temperature) Chemical conditions of the environment(Salt,pH) |
| What happens if you boil a protein? | It is permanently denatured |
| What happens if you freeze a protein then warm it up? | When you freeze a protein it becomes denatured. If you warm the protein back up it becomes active. (Frostbite) |
| Are proteins affected by pH? | Proteins ARE affected by pH Stomach's pH around 2 Large intestine's pH around 8 |
| What can happen if a protein doesn't fold right away? | If the right one doesn't fold right away can cause ALS |
| Nucleic Acids... | Link to a protein DNA RNA DNA-->RNA-->Protein |
| Nucleic Acid Structure? | 5 Bases Purines-2 Rings Pyrimidines-1 Ring |
| Three differences between DNA and RNA? | 1. Ribose has TWO hydroxyl groups 2. Base Swapout 3. DNA is double stranded |
| What is the monomer and linkage of a Nucleic Acid? | Nucleotide are the monomers and Phosphodiester linkage |
| Lipids... | Not a Macromolecule--NO monomers Smaller Mostly non polar (Hydrophobic) Ex. Fats, Phospholipids, steroids |
| Fats.. | One head (Glycerol) and three tails (Fatty acids) Triacylglycerol is Polymer Fatty Acids is monomer The linkage is Ester linkages |
| Saturated versus Unsaturated | Saturated=Bad Unsaturated=Good Saturation refers to the number of HYDROGENS Unsaturated helps membrane sheath(Covering on a nerve shell) |
| Trans Fat | The process of hydrogenation convert fatty acid double bonds from a cis to a trans configuration. |
| Phospholipids vs. Fats | Phospholipid-Only have two tails, Nonpolar tai and polar head Fats-Non polar |
| Phospholipids: cell membranes | Backbone of the plasma membrane |
| Steroids | Four Rings Hormones Cholesterol |
| Do cells have a size limit? | -There is a limited amount of a substance that can cross a plasma membrane per second. -For every increase in surface area the volume increase is larger than the Surface area increase |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Smaller, Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Nucleoid Region, Ribosomes, only has one membrane |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Larger, Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Membranes & organelles |
| Endomembrane System Components? | 1. Nuclear Envelope 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Golgi Apparatus 4. Plasma Membrane 5. Vacuoles 6. Lysosomes (animals cells only) |
| Endomembrane System... | -Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cell -Membranes of this system are either directly physically linked or linked through membrane segments called vesicles. -Physically Connected |
| Nucleus | Nucleolus: make or produces *Synthesis of RNA-->Ribosomal Chromatin: Un-condense Chromosomes Nuclear Pore Complex: Pores, inner nuclear envelope, outer envelope ---Pores: Regulate macromolecules and RNA movement in & out of the nucleus |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Three Parts: Smooth ER, Rough ER, Transitional ER Made up of all membranes |
| Smooth ER Functions | LACKS RIBOSOMES 1. Synthesis of lipids 2. Metabolizes Carbohydrates 3.Calcium Storage 4. Detoxification of Drugs & Poisons Adds -OH to the drug/poison Liver |
| Rough ER Functions | 1. Produces new membrane for its structure and the cell 2. Aids in the synthesis of secretory proteins(aka will leave cell) |
| Transitional ER Function | Pinches off sections of the membrane (vesicles) to enclose molecules for transport through the cell and to the plasma membrane. ONLY used for movement |
| Golgi Apparatus | Entrance through the Cis Face and Exit through the Trans face. Receiving, Processing, and shipping Glycoprotein(Carb)-->Alters the structure-->Address tag=Phosphate group--> Docking site or outgoing vesicles |
| Vacuoles | In animals: Food Vacuole Central Vacuole: Storage unit for water, ions, pigment. Tugor pressure...ONLY in plants |
| Lysosomes | Membrane sac of hydrolytic (Digestive) enzymes. Used for intracellular digestion |
| The cytoskeleton | 3 Parts; Microtubule, Microfilaments, & Intermediate Filaments Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
| Function of the cytoskeleton | Maintains shape of cell. Motility of the cell & vesitcal inside the cell regulation: response to external mechanical stimulation. CompressionResistance & Tension bearing. |
| Microtubules | Movement of Vesicles Motility within the cytoskeleton Movement of chromosomes (Spindle Fibers composed of microtubules) Cilia formed by microtubules Proteins help with movement by connecting microtubules |
| Microfilaments | Tension Bearing Myosin motors in muscle contraction Outside has lots of microfilaments & inside is more liquid Squeezing a toothpaste bottle Amoeboid movement Squeezing action internally |
| Cytokinesis | Microfilaments divided by cytoplasm |
| Intermediate Filaments | Tension bearing Hold organelles stationary-NO MOVEMENT |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-Animals | Composed of collagen, fibronectins, interns, and proteoglycan complex |
| Intercellular Junctions | Plant cells: Plasmodesmata Animal Cells: Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions |
| Plasmodesmata | Channels connecting the cytoplasm of cell number 1 wth the cytoplasm of cell number 2 Water, macromolecules, RNA, Solutes pass freely |
| Tight Junctions | Form continuos seal around the cell and prevent leakage of extracellular fluid |
| Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions; Muscle cells= strength |
| Communicating Junctions | Gap Junctions |
| Collagen | Tissue strength and cushioning |
| Fibronectin | Tissue Repair and Blood clotting Attaches the ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane |
| Proteoglycan Complex | Protein and Carbohydrate-->Trees-->With-stand compression forces |
| Integrins | Touches inside and outside of cell Membrane proteins that are bound to the ECM on one side and to associated proteins attached to microfilaments on the other. This linkage can transmit stimuli between the cell's external environment and it's interior |
| Membranes | The plasma membrane separates interior of a cell from its surrounding environment. Selectively permeable Fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins(Not stationary or solid) Membranes with different functions differ in chemical composition and structure. |
| Membranes Structure | All membranes have a primary structure or the all have the same basic components. Different Proteins for different membranes Proteins are ALL about functions of the membrane |
| Function of Membrane Proteins | -Transport -Enzymatic Activity -Signal Transduction -Cell-cell Recognition -Intercellular Joining -Attachment to Cytoskeleton and ECM |
| Transport (Membranes are selectively permeable) | -Molecules & Ions Move back & fourth across the membrane Move different rates based on their characteristics (Size, Concentration gradient, charge...) May/May not require energy to move across membrane |
| Diffusion | The movement of a solute from a High concentration to a lower concentration |
| (Diffusion) Dynamic Equilibrium | The solute molecules continue to cross the membrane, but at equal rates in both directions---(They don't stop) |
| Passive transport | NO Energy |
| Osmosis | The movement of the solvent (Water) from a less concentration gradient to a higher concentration gradient |
| Hypotonic Solution | A solution that has less solute and more water than another solution Animal Cell; Red Blood cell=Lysed(Burst) Plant Cell; Turgid or normal |
| Hypertonic Solution | A solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. Animal Cell; RBC=Shriveled Plant Cell; Plasmolyzed (HATE) |
| Isotonic Solution | Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side. RBC=LOVE (Normal) Plant Cell=Flaccid |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Using a protein Channel Protein Carrier Protein=Allows proteins to pass |
| Protein that H2O uses... | Aquaporins |
| Active Transport | Requires energy Moving a solute against its concentration gradient Uses a carrier protein/ Protein pump |
| Enzymes | -Speed up rate of reactions (Catalyst) -Proteins -Shape Specific |
| Enzymatic Activity | Only receive what the the cell wants (Shape Specific ) |
| Signal Transduction | Moving the signal from outside to inside |
| Cell to cell Recognition | Glycoprotein 1. Sorting of cells into tissues and organs during embryonic development 2. Identification and rejection of foreign cells by the immune system -HIV Receptors |
| Intercellular Joining | Through proteins-Gap Junctions All with proteins |
| Exocytosis | -Transport of large molecules from inside the cell to outside the cell -When something does leave it's called exocytosis |
| Endocytosis | -Transport of large molecules from outside the cell to inside the cell Comes through a vesicle |
| Phagocytosis | Transport "Food" or other particles in the cell through a food vacuole |
| Pinocytosis | Non-specific glup |
| Receptor-mediated | Specific sip |
Created by:
foreverbee15