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Molecules of Life
3.2 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made up of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| amino acid | an organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group and that makes up proteins; a protein monomer |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| enzyme | a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element, that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| lipid | a large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorous and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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mitschj20
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