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Biology Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 parts of the cell theory | •All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. •The cell is the most basic unit of life. •All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells. |
| scientist and what they discovered about the cell | Schleiden- plants are made out of cells, Schwann- all animals are made out of cells. Virchow- all cells came from pre-existing cells, Leeuwnhoek- , Hooke- discovered cell walls |
| difference between pro and eukaryote cells | prokaryote cells don't have nucleus; bacteria. Eukaryote do have nucleus and membrane bound; plants and animals |
| two main parts of viruses | protein coat and nucleic acid |
| Are all viruses the same in structure and size? | yes |
| capsid | protein shell of a virus |
| prokaryotic | single celled organism without a membrane bound nucleus |
| eukaryotic | cell with nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes |
| organelle | subunit within a cell that has a specific unit |
| function of mitochondria | "powerhouse of a cell", transfers stored energy in glucose to molecules of ATP |
| function of chloroplast | converts energy from the sun into chemical energy contained in molecules of glucose; makes sugar |
| function of smooth ER and rough ER | smooth-functions lipid metabolism, rough- has ribosomes |
| function of ribosomes | protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell |
| function of nucleus | controls the cells activities and stores DNA |
| function of nucleolus | assemble particles and play a role in the cells response to stress |
| function of lysosomes | breaks down old organelles and foreign substances |
| function of cell wall | extra support for plant cells; so they can store more water |
| function of plasma (cell) membrane | protects the cell from the surroundings |
| function of chromatin | package DNA into a smaller volume to fit into the cell. prevent DNA damage, control gene expression and DNA replication |
| function of Golgi body | ships proteins off to their final destination, process and packages substances for export from the cell |
| what structures are only in plant cells? | cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplast |
| what structures are only in animal cells? | microtubules |
| what structures do both plant and animal cells have? | nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes |
| how do proteins get out of a cell? | the protein is folded and then packaged for transport to the Golgi apparatus |
| cells vs viruses | viruses have to attach to a cell, |
| diffusion | movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentrations |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules from high to low across a semipermeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins |
| passive transport | movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell |
| active transport | uses energy to transport particles through a membrane against the concentration gradient; energy is required |
| plasmolysis | the shrinking of the cell due to water leaving the cell |
| cytolysis | the bursting of a cell due to watering entering the cell |
| endocytosis | the taking in of particles into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane |
| pinocytosis | the taking in of liquid or dissolved materials |
| phagocytosis | the taking in of large solid materials |
| exocytosis | the removal of wastes out of a cell by the fusion of a vessel with the membrane |
| hypertonic | water going in of the cell, the solute outside the cell is higher than the solute inside, more water inside the cell, the cell will shrink |
| hypotonic | more water outside the cell than in, solute is higher insider the cell |
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