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DE Bio - Ch. 3-4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life/Cells and Organelles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A compound containing carbon | organic molecule |
| Organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen | Hydro-carbons |
| Large molecules | Macromolecules |
| 4 chemical groups most important to life | 1). Phosphate 2). Amino acid 3). Sulfhydral 4). Carboxyl |
| 2 ways chemical groups contribute to the function of a molecule | 1). Shape 2). Chemical reactions |
| What is ATP made up of? | 1). Adenine 2). Sugar 3). 3 phosphate groups |
| What is the function of ATP? | Capture and transport energy |
| Small molecules that serve as building blocks | Monomers |
| Longer molecules made of many similar building blocks | Polymers |
| A chemical reaction that links monomers together by pulling out water is _______? | Dehydration synthesis |
| A chemical reaction that breaks monomers apart by adding water is ______? | Hydrolysis |
| Carbohydrates include both ______ and _______ sugars | Simple and Complex |
| What type of carbons are carbohydrates? | Saturated |
| General formula of carbohydrates | C[H2O] |
| When two monomers are joined, a molecule of _____ is removed | Water |
| One unit of sugar is called a ______ | Monosaccharide |
| 2 examples of monosaccharides are _______ and ________ | Glucose and Fructose |
| Two units of sugar linked together are called a __________ | Disaccharide |
| 3 examples of disaccharides are ________, _________, and _______ | Sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
| Many units of sugar linked together are called a ______ | Trisaccharide |
| Definition of glycogen (also in a Trisacc.) | Storage form of glucose in animals |
| Definition of starch (also in a Trisacc.) | Storage form of glucose in plants |
| Definition of cellulose (also in a Trisacc.) | Structural component of plant cell walls |
| Lipids are made from _______ and __________ | Glycerol backbone and fatty acid chains |
| What is the main function of fats? | Long-term energy storage |
| What type of fat is solid at room temperature and is found in animals? | Saturated fat |
| What type of fat is liquid at room temperature and is found in plants? | Unsaturated fat |
| Lipids that are a part of the cell membrane are called _______ | Phospholipids |
| Lipids made of a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings are called ______ | Steroids |
| A crucial steroid in animals is ______ | Cholesterol |
| 2 functions of cholesterol | 1). Part of the cell membrane 2). Used to make steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogen) |
| There are ________ of proteins making up 50% of the dry mass of most cells | Tens of thousands |
| What is the monomer of proteins? | Amino acids |
| How are amino acids joined? | Dehydration synthesis |
| What is the polymer of proteins? | Polypeptide chain |
| What gives each protein its specific function? | Physical and chemical properties of side chains |
| A change in shape leading to change in function | Denature |
| What is the Central Dogma of Science? (formula) | DNA -> RNA -> protein |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | 1). Nitrogen base 2). 5 carbon sugar 3). 1 or more phosphate group |
| Nucleotides are linked together by _______ synthesis and broken by _________ | Dehydration and hydrolosis |
| Pyramidine pairs with a _____ | Purine |
| Guanine pairs with ________ | Cytosine |
| Thymine pairs with _______ | Uracil |
| All organisms are made of ________ | Cells |
| Basic features of a cell | Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribsomes |
| A barrier in cells that allows oxygen, nutrients, and waste to pass through it | Plasma membrane |
| What organelle contains DNA in a eukaryotic cell? | Nucleus |
| What uses the information from DNA to make proteins? | Ribsomes |
| The _______ envelope encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm | Nuclear |
| The ________ _________ is a double membrane that each consists of a lipid bilayer | Nuclear Membrane |
| DNA in the nucleus is organized into units called ________ | Chromosomes |
| The nucleolus is responsible for what type of synthesis? | Ribosomal RNA synthesis |
| Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in what two places? | 1). Cytosol 2). Rough ER |
| Lacks ribosomes | Smooth ER |
| Surface is studded with ribosomes | Rough ER |
| What are the functions of the smooth ER? | 1). Synthesizes lipids 2). Metabolizes carbohydrates 3). Detoxifies 4). Stores calcium ions |
| What are the functions of the rough ER? | 1). Has bound ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins 2). Distributes transport vesicles 3). Is a membrane factory for the cell |
| Functions of the golgi apparatus | 1). Modifies products of the ER 2). Manufactures macromolecules 3). Sorts and packages |
| Lysosome is a ______ | Sack of enzymes that can digest macromolescules |
| What can a lysosome fuze with to digest molecules? | Food vacuole |
| What are vacuoles? | Large vesicles from the ER? |
| Site of cellular respiration in a cell is ________ | Mitochondria |
| What produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water? | Hydrogen peroxide |
| In animal cells, microtubules grow out of a _________ | Centrosome |
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