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Biology Exam 1
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bryophytes | |
| taxonomist | one who studies the diversity of life, including the basic task of identification of species |
| E. O. Wilson | a Harvard biologist (now retired but very active) he works as an entomologist but is also a consummate scientist in that he has helped to establish new disciplines within biology (e.g. sociobiology) |
| entomologist | |
| biophilia | the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life |
| Zeitgeist | spirit of the age; the thought or feeling of a period of time |
| Reductionism | to reduce the whole to its parts, or to reduce complex phenomena to their working components. |
| Emergent properties | with each level of organization, properties emerge that cannot be predicted based on knowledge of the parts alone |
| Living Organisms... 1. Reproduce 2. are Composed of Chemicals 3. Acquire Materials and Energy 4. Sense & Respond to Environmental Stimuli 5. Have the Capacity to Mutate 6. Life exhibits organization at many levels | how to define life |
| mitosis (cell division) | the means of asexual reproduction--one cell divides into two and each goes its separate way becoming a new individual, no, or little, cell differentiation is required |
| meiosis | required to reduce the chromosome number from the diploid to the haploid state |
| organic chemicals | carbon based chemicals |
| metabolism | chemical reactions within an organism that transfers energy |
| Element | a substance that can't be broken down to substances with different properties |
| Atom | smallest unit of an element & is an element; usually consisting of negatively charged electrons orbiting a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons |
| atomic number | represents the number of protons, unique for each element |
| # electrons | usually is same as # protons, number can vary |
| # neutrons | may vary between atoms of the same element |
| isotope | An atoms of an element w/a specified number of neutrons |
| ions | charged atoms |
| molecule | atoms bonded together |
| ionic bond | a relatively weak bond formed by the electrostatic or electromagnetic attraction between (+) & (-) ions [opposite charges attract] |
| covalent bond | a bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly positive H atom that is polar covalently bonded elsewhere and a slightly negative atom that is polar covalently bonded to another molecule or to a different part of the same molecule to which the H atom belongs |
| polar covalent bonds | when electrons shared unequally between atoms w/in a molecule |
| cohesive | water clings to itself |
| adhesive | water clings to hydrophilic substances and surfaces |
| hydrophilic | "water loving" substances and surfaces; such substances will bear charges and often exhibit polarity, i.e. exhibits both negative and positive charges at opposite ends |
| Polar substances | dissolve readily in water (ex. sugar) |
| Inorganic moleculeS | contain no carbon chains or rings |
| Simple Sugars | (made by plants) C,H,& O, the simplest ingredients. |
| Fatty Acids | C,H, & O but many O’s removed forming long chains of hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen only); made from sugars. |
| Amino Acids | C, H, O, N, & S – we acquire most from the food we eat; ultimately plants are the original manufacturers. |
| Nucleotides | C, H, O, N, P – we acquire from food and the restructuring of the other organic molecules |
| Carbohydrates | All are sugar-based molecules. |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars, ex. The 6-carbon sugar glucose |
| Disaccharides | two simple sugars bound together, ex. Maltose |
| Polysaccharides | many simple sugars bound together |
| cellulose | plant cells walls |
| chitin | insect exoskeletons & fungi cell walls |
| Lipids | fatty acids, waxes, and steroids (all hydrophobic) |
| Fats and Oils | often have fatty acids occurring 3 per molecule = Triglyceride |
| unsaturated fats | oils [fatty acids have some double bonds between carbons, hence some carbon are bond to only one H] |
| saturated fats | fats(solid)[no double bonds between carbons] |
| Energy storage | 1 gram of fat has twice the energy as 1 gram of carbohydrate. Animals store fat under the skin; plants store fats and oils in seeds as long term storage for embryonic plant (in nuts, i.e. large seeds, particularly). |
| Protection & insulation | cushions vital organs (kidney); blubber in whales & seals |
| Waxes | Ear wax; bees wax; plant cuticle (waxy covering of plants that protects against water loss, i.e. desiccation) |
| Steroids | Cholesterol (in cell membranes & used to make the sex hormones); testosterone & estrogen |
| Phospholipids | major component of cell membranes |
| proteins | made of Amino Acids held together by peptide bonds |
| peptide bonds | covalent bonds that join amino acids |
| polypeptide | a protein |
| 20 | how many different amino acids are there? |
| Globular proteins | have crevices that interact with other molecules (hemoglobin has a crevice to hold O2; enzymes have crevices to facilitate and speed up or catalyze chemical reactions |
| Fibrous proteins | provide for structural strength as keratin (fibers in hair), collagen (fibers in muscle and bone); actin and myosine are fibrous proteins that contract for muscle movement |
| hormones | |
| antibodies | protein molecules produced by the immune system that combat foreign invaders (bacteria and viruses) |
| nucleotides | consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| DNA, RNA, and ATP | 3 important nucleic acids |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | a Dutch shopkeeper, discovered microscopic life. |
| Robert Hooke | an English scientist who coined term “cell” for empty compartments in cork. |
| Spontaneous generation | now an outdated theory that a vital force would cause microbes (cells) to arise from nonliving matter, was a widely accepted explanation for the occurrence of certain forms of life (especially microbes) |
| All life is composed of cells The smallest living unit is the cell Cells arise from preexisting cells | the cell theory |
| Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist) and Virchow | three German scientists that came up with the cell theory |
| Mechanism and reductionism | two characteristics of science |
| lignin | material that makes the wall hard as in wood from a tree |
| Adhesion proteins | found on the membranes of cells forming intact tissues |
| Fluid Mosaic Model. | Know that the name given to this knowledge or understanding of membrane structure is the __________ |
| Transport proteins (passive transporters & active transporters) | transport some molecules and ions in/out of cell |
| Enzymes | Membranes are sites of many chemical reactions and embedded enzymes (proteins) are chemical catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) that occur on the surface of membranes |
| Recognition proteins | |
| Receptor proteins | Membranes, or more specifically the proteins protruding from the membranes, receive chemical messages |
| Prokaryotic cells | are all bacterial cells. Only bacteria are prokaryotic in cell type, they are the only prokaryotes |
| E. coli | the colon bacillus |
| Eukaryotic cells | are more complex internally than prokaryotic cells |
| Cytoplasm | a chemical solution with floating “chemical factories” |
| Cytoskeleton | internal system of microfilaments in cytoplasm: These move objects through cytoplasm [ex. chromosomes during cell division; packages of chemicals (vesicles) are moved about within the cell with help from the ______________] |
| organelles | “chemical factories” |
| Membranous Organelles | specialized compartments |
| Vesicles | packages of molecules transported w/in cell or secreted outside cell, ex. hormones, components of mucus |
| Lysosomes | vesicles w/digestive enzymes, digest foreign invaders, recycle cell parts, & digest carbohydrates, proteins, and other types of molecules |
| Golgi apparatus (also called Gogi bodies or Golgi complex) | a packing center, consists of folded membranes (like stacks of pita bread), creates vesicles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | SYNTHESIS CENTER, consists of folded membranes that create pockets isolated from rest of cytoplasm. |
| Rough ER | w/ribosomes, for protein synthesis |
| Smooth ER | w/out ribosomes, for lipid synthesis |
| Mitochondria | “power houses,” produce ATP through cellular respiration (in all live eukaryotic cells) |
| Chloroplasts | in plants and some algae; photosynthesis |
| endosymbiosis | one cell lives inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship |
| Nucleus | holds genetic information, sends instructions to cytoplasm |
| Central vacuole | large water-filled vacuole in plant cells |
| Cell walls | bacteria, plants, fungi, algae (NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS) rigid or flexible, for support |
| Flagella (sing. flagellum) | whip-like, hair-like projections, occur singly or few: ex. sperm |
| Cilia | short, numerous, ex. protozoa, fallopian tubes, wind pipe. For movement of fluid. |
| Plasma membrane | and other membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of embedded proteins; help regulate movement of chemicals across their boundary. |
| adenosine triphosphate | ATP |
| Diffusion | a common way many substances move into and out of cells; may be defined as the passive movement of molecules from an area where they are more highly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water into or out of the cell |
| Endocytosis & Exocytosis | vesicles forming at the plasma membrane bring material in; vesicles fusing with plasma membrane dump material out |
| Passive transport | diffusion through transport proteins for which the phospholipid bilayer is a barrier, ex. glucose |
| Active Transport | transport proteins expend energy (ATP) to move molecules from low concentration to high concentration, ex. calcium |
| Energy | the capacity to do work; bring about change |
| 1. ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED BUT IT CAN CHANGE FORM 2. WITH EACH ENERGY CONVERSION SOME ENERGY IS "LOST" AS HEAT | two laws of energy |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS | Light energy is converted to chemical bond energy by means of |
| HEAT | random motion, which can be seen as disorder or energy that can't be used |
| entropy | is a measure of a system's disorder |
| Enzymes | control each reaction in a metabolic pathway; globular proteins w/ specific shape |
| “Substrates” | are the reactants in an enzyme facilitated reaction |
| “Active site” | is the "crevice" part of an enzyme whose shape fits that of the substrates |
| ATP | the energy currency of the cell; is needed for many enzyme catalyzed reactions |
| oxidation-reduction | The transfer of electrons between chemicals |
| Photosynthesis | is an energy conversion converting light energy to chemical bond energy |
| van Helmont | a Belgian physician, devised simple experiment in which he grew a willow tree seedling for five years in a bucket containing a known quantity of soil. The tree gained roughly 195 pounds while the soil lost less than one pound |
| Joseph Priestly | (England) put things under bell jars. Mouse kept alive in bell jar with plant. |
| photosystems | Upon the inner chloroplast membranes photosynthetic pigments are arranged into these discrete patches |
| chlorophyll | pigment molecules that absorb light energy |
| photolysis | process of splitting water molecules |
| Carbon fixation | the conversion of inorganic CO2 into carbohydrates |
| Fossil fuels | plants from 350 MYA (Carboniferous Period) died, were covered with sediments, and became coal |
| chemoautotrophs | bacteria which use chemical bond energy of iron and sulfur compounds to fix carbon dioxide |
| Autotrophs | organisms that create their own food by fixing CO2 into an organic form: requires outside energy source |
| photoautotrophs | organism that requires sun for an energy source |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that feed on food already formed by autotrophs |
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