Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biochem
Chapter 2 & 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| mass | a measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that oct on the object, such as the gravitational force |
| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
| nucleus | an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element |
| mass number | sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | a subatomic particle that has a negative charge |
| orbital | a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
| isotope | an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) |
| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| chemical bond | the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together |
| covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| molecule | a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance's chemical properties |
| ion | an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
| ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| chemical reaction | the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
| reactant | a substance that participates in a chemical reaction |
| product | a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism |
| activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| catalysis | the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst |
| enzyme | a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions |
| redox reaction | a reaction in which electrons are transferred between atoms; also known as an oxidation-reduction reaction |
| oxidation reaction | a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge |
| reduction reaction | a chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons |
| polar | describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated |
| hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| coheshion | the force that holds molecules of a single material together |
| adhesion | the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
| capillarity | the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a liquid in small tubes |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
| solute | in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent |
| solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| concentration | the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore |
| saturated solution | a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions |
| aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent |
| hydroxide ion | the the OH- ion |
| hydronium ion | an ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water; H3O+ |
| acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts |
| base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts |
| ph scale | a range of values that are used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic |
| buffer | a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it |
| organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| functional group | the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds |
| monomer | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| polymer | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units |
| macromolecule | a very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| carbohydrate | a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |
| disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| amino acid | a compound of a class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group and that combine to form proteins |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
| enzyme | a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions |
| substrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| active site | on an enzyme, the site that attaches to a substrate |
| lipid | a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
| fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
| triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain |
| steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
Created by:
gabriellacs
Popular Biology sets