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Biology
Nervous & Digestive Systems Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system? | Central nervous system (CNS) includes brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of neurons. |
| List the three defining qualities of the nervous system. | Quick, accurate, and resets itself. |
| Describe how neural impulses travel. Use at least six descriptions from the “Modeling a Nerve Impulse” lab. | 1:in continuous chain reaction, 2:need to be reset, 3:travel constant speed, 4:move in 1 direction, 5:use energy as impulse travels, 6:must reach threshold to fire, 7:stop when neuron is damaged, 8:use neurotransmitters to get across synapse |
| Explain the difference between a reaction and a reflex. | Reactions involve integration (interpretation by the brain). Reflexes deliver the same response for a specific stimulus. Reflexes are controlled by dorsal root ganglia. |
| Describe the neural impulse pathway of a reflex. | sensory neurons -- spinal cord -- motor neurons |
| Describe the neural impulse pathway of reaction. | sensory neurons -- spinal cord -- brain -- spinal cord -- motor neurons |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: dendrite | receives nerve impulse |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: axon | delivers nerve impulse from cell body to synapse |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: synapse | space between neurons |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: neurotransmitter | chemicals which carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: myelin sheath | axon coating which speeds up nerve signals |
| Describe or list the function of each part of the neuron: cell body | main part of neuron, contains nucleus |
| Which part of the brain controls speech? | cerebrum |
| Which part of the brain controls memory? | cerebrum |
| Which part of the brain controls balance | cerebellum |
| Which part of the brain controls heart rate? | brain stem |
| Which part of the brain controls breathing? | brain stem |
| Which part of the brain controls coordination of body? | cerebellum |
| Which part of the brain controls muscle memory? | cerebellum |
| Which part of the brain controls reflexes? | spinal cord |
| Which part of the brain controls emotions? | cerebrum |
| List the five steps of digestion: | 1:get food, 2:break food down, 3:absorb and deliver nutrients, 4: use and store nutrients, 5:get rid of waste |
| Briefly describe the function of: mouth | produces amylase to break down starch. Contains teeth used for mechanical digestion |
| Briefly describe the function of: esphagus | passageway from mouth to stomach |
| Briefly describe the function of: stomach | where proteins start to get broken down |
| Briefly describe the function of: small intestines | where nutrients and sugar gets absorbed |
| Briefly describe the function of: large intestine | home for bacteria which supply enzymes used for digestion |
| Explain the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph. | Heterotrophs eat other organism. Autotroph make their own food. |
| Explain the difference between a one-way and a two-way digestive system. Include the terms ‘tube’ and ‘gastrovascular cavity’. | One way digestive systems are like a tube. Food goes in one end and exits the other end. Two way digestive systems involve food entering and exiting the gastrovascular cavity through the same hole. |
| Explain intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion. | Intracellular digestion digests food particles within the cell. Take place in 1-celled organ. Extracellular digestion allows food to be larger than cells. |
| What are the characteristics of animals? | Heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes, sexual reproduction, Motility/movement |
| How would you describe the way animals use their systems to meet life’s challenges? | Various possible answers |
| What are the five main parts of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord |
| What is the function of each part of the CNS? | Cerebrum: controls conscious thoughts, Cerebral cortex: process sensory & motor, Cerebellum: coordinates motion/stores automatic memories, Brain stem: regulates basic functions; breathing & heart beat, Spinal cord: carries information to & from brain |
| What are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | Sensory and motor neurons |
| What is the basic structure of a neuron? | Axon, dendrite, cell body, myelin sheath, and neurotransmitter |
| What is the function of each part of a neuron? | Axon: carry info away from cell body Dendrite: carry impulse to cell body Cell body: house organelles Myelin sheath: insulate axon |
| What are five key aspects of how neural impulses travel? | Threshold, same speed, refractory period, one direction travel, neurotransmitters required |
| What are two ways the nervous system interacts with other body systems? | Various possible answers |
| What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP |
| What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? | Mechanical breaks food into small pieces, chemical breaks it into smaller molecules |
| What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion? | Intracellular means food is digested inside of cells, extracellular means it is digested outside of cells |
| What is the advantage of extracellular digestion versus intracellular digestion? | Extracellular allows food to be larger than cells |
| How does the digestive system benefit from the nervous system? How does it benefit the nervous system? | Various answers possible |
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PLHSBiology1
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