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Bella CFE Higher
Human Biology Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Seminiferous Tubules | site of sperm production in the testes |
| Ovulation | release of an ovum |
| Testosterone | Male sex hormone that promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics AND promotes sperm production |
| Corpus Luteum | Glandular structure that develops from a Graafian follicle after ovulation |
| LH | Gonadotrophic hormone that brings about ovulation |
| Interstitial Cells | Site of testosterone production in the testes |
| Semen | Milky liquid containing sperm and secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate gland that maintains the mobility and viability of sperm. |
| FSH | Gonadotrophic hormone that promotes sperm production in males and follicle maturation in females |
| Oestrogen | Ovarian hormone responsible for proliferation of endometrium before ovulation |
| (Graafian) Follicle | Structure that surrounds a developing egg |
| ICSH | Gonadotrophic hormone that stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone |
| Progesterone | Ovarian hormone responsible for thickening endometrium after ovulation |
| Seminal Vesicles | Structure that produces components on semen rich in fructose and prostaglandins |
| Glycogen | Storage carbohydrate composed of excess glucose molecules |
| Myocardial Infarction | Sudden irreversible damage to cardiac muscle caused by blockage in coronary artery |
| Capillary | Tiny blood vessel whose thin walls allows exchange of materials with nearby cells |
| Thrombus | Blood clot which may block a blood vessel |
| Angina | Crushing chest pain that occurs when partly blocked coronary artery fails to meet increased demands of cardiac muscle |
| Valve | Structure made of two or more flaps that prevents backflow of blood |
| Tissue Fluid | Liquid that bathes living cells and contains small dissolved molecules but lacks proteins. Formed by pressure filtration. |
| Vein | Large vessels that carries blood back to the heart |
| Venule | Small branch of a vein |
| Arteriole | Small branch of an artery |
| Artery | Large vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Plasma | Liquid component of blood rich in dissolved substances including proteins |
| Atherosclerosis | Type of thickening and hardening of arteries caused by formation of plaques of fatty material |
| Lymphatic System | One of many tubes carrying lymph from tissues back towards the blood circulatory system |
| Lymph nodes | Oval-shaped structure involved in producing lymphocytes and engulfing microbes |
| Pacemaker | Small node of specialised tissue in heart wall that exhibits spontaneous excitation |
| Lubb and dupp | Sounds heard through a stethoscope when heart valves close during heart-beat |
| Diastole | Phase of cardiac cycle when cardiac muscle is relaxed |
| Electrocardiogram | Pattern on oscilloscope screen that represents electrical activity involved in heartbeat |
| Peripheral Resistance | Tendency of vessel walls to prevent blood flow and cause blood pressure to decrease |
| Sphygmomanometer | Instrument for measuring blood pressure |
| Atrial systole | Phase of cardiac cycle when muscle in heart's upper chambers contracts |
| Atrio-ventricular Node | Region of specialised tissue in heart that picks up impulses from S-A node |
| Ventricular Systole | Phase of cardiac cycle when muscle in heart's lowers chambers contracts |
| Cardiac Cycle | Pattern of contraction and relaxation shown by heart during one heartbeat |
| Implantation | Attachment of embryo to endometrium |
| Endometrium | Enriched lining of the uterus |
| Secondary sexual characteristics | Bodily changes that occur during puberty |
| Oestrogen and progesterone | Ovarian sex hormones that promote development of secondary sexual characteristics |
| Puberty | Stage of development when a child changes into a sexually mature adult |
| Postnatal | Occurring after birth |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | A measurement of the relationship between weight and height. Very high BMI is associated with complications during pregnancy |
| Hypertension | Blood pressure that is persistently above normal |
| Ultrasound scan | Procedure whereby sound waves are used to project an image of the developing foetus on a video screen |
| Amniocentesis | A technique by which a small amount of the fluid that surrounds a developing baby is removed for diagnostic testing; carried out at ~18 weeks of pregnancy |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | A technique by which a small sample of the placenta is removed for diagnostic testing; carried out at ~10 weeks of pregnancy |
| Karyotype | A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. |
| Dating scan | Ultrasound scan carried out at 8-14 weeks of pregnancy to determine the age of the fetus |
| Anomoly scan | Ultrasound scan carried out at 18-20 weeks of pregnancy to identify any unusual aspects of development |
| False positive | Assessment error in which pathology is reported (that is, test results are positive) when none is actually present |
| Downs Syndrome | A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; indicated by high volumes of fluid behind the neck observed during an anomoly scan |
| Rhesus Disease | A condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood destroy her baby's blood cells. |
| Phenylketonuria | An inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism; Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; treated through an altered diet |
| Polygenic | A pattern in which many genes all influence a single trait |
| Allele | Alternative forms of a gene |
| Homozygous | An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait |
| Heterozygous | An organism that has two different alleles for a trait |
| Genotype | A gene combination for a given trait in an organism |
| Phenotype | An organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic |
| Autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (22 pairs in humans) |
| Sex-chromosome | One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| Sex-linked | A gene located on a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome), resulting in a distinctive pattern of inheritance. |
| Dominant | An allele that is expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote |
| Recessive | An allele that is not expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote |
| Carrier | A person whose genotype includes an allele that is not expressed in the phenotype - especially when that allele can cause a genetic disorder |
| Incomplete Dominance | The condition where both alleles are partially expressed in a BLENDED appearance of the trait (sickle cell). |
| Monohybrid | A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait |
| Cystic Fibrosis | A genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection |
| Huntington's Chorea | Autosomal dominant disorder that usually has its onset in people between 30 and 50 years of age |
| Sickle cell trait | Inherited disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia; occurs in heterozygous individuals and offers some protection against malaria |
| Red-green colour blindness | Example of a sex-linked condition. |
| Haemophilia | Example of a sex-linked recessive trait primarily affecting males where there is a reduction or total lack of synthesis of one or more factors responsible for clotting blood |
| Atherosclerosis | A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow. |
| Atheroma | Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery. |
| Lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| Cholesterol | An important substance that is produced in the liver from saturated fats. It is a precursor to the synthesis of steroids as well as being a component of cell membranes. |
| Steroid | A hormone consisting of lipids derived from cholesterol |
| Low-density lipoprotein | The type of lipoprotein responsible for transport of cholesterol from liver to tissues. It is sometimes referred to as "bad cholesterol". |
| High-density lipoprotein | The type of lipoprotein responsible for transport of excess cholesterol from tissues to the liver where it is eliminated. It is sometimes referred to as "good cholesterol". |
| Statins | Drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. |
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. |
| Angina | Chest or arm pain resulting from reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle. |
| Stroke | A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted |
| Myocardial Infarction | An obstruction of coronary artery causing death of an area of the myocardium due to blockage of blood and oxygen supply (aka Heart Attack). |
| Blood clot | Forms when liquid blood is converted to a solid through the process of coagulation (aka Thrombus) |
| Prothrombin | An inactive clotting enzyme present in blood plasma. |
| Thrombin | Active clotting enzyme produced in the presence of damaged cells. |
| Fibrinogen | Soluble plasma protein that is converted to fibrin by the enzyme thrombin |
| Fibrin | Insoluble plasma protein that form "threads" which trap platelets and form a blood clot |
| Thrombosis | The formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. |
| Embolus | A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | Condition of having a thrombus attached to a wall of a deep vein, often in the legs. If the clot breaks free it can lead to a pulmonary embolism |
| Pulmonary Embolism | A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung, causing obstruction of blood flow. |
| Diabetes | A disorder of metabolism resulting from insufficient or absent insulin production from the pancreas; may also be due to insulin resistance |
| Insulin | A hormone produced by the pancreas and released in response to high blood glucose following a meal. Promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver. |
| Glucagon | A hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when blood glucose concentration dips. |
| Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |
| Glucose tolerance Test | A clinical test used in the diagnosis of diabetes. |
| Obesity | The condition of being very overweight. i.e. a BMI of >30 |
Created by:
nscobie
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