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Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Potts Fracture | Fracture of the ankle joint with the lower parts of the fibula and tibia being broken. |
| Colles Fracture | Fracture of the radius about 1inch above wrist. |
| Comminuted Fracture | Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. |
| Spiral Fracture | Break occurs due to excessive twisting forces. |
| Depressed Fracture | Bone portion pushed inward. |
| Compression Fracture | Bone is crushed. |
| Epiphyseal Fracture | Epiphysis seperates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate. |
| Greenstick Fracture | Bone breaks incompletely-one side of shaft breaks. |
| Vertebral Column | 26 Bones 5 Regions |
| Cervical | 7 bones in neck |
| Thoracic | 12 bones |
| Lumbar | 5 bones |
| Sacral | 1 bone |
| Coccygeal | 1 bone |
| Pectoral Girdle | Attaches arms to axial skeleton, composed of clavicle and scapula. |
| Pelvic Girdle | Pelvis is formed from the sacrum, coccyx, and coxal bones. Coxal bones formed from fushion of ilium, pubis, and ischium. Coxal bones have socket called acetabulum. |
| Parts of long bone | Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line, Spongy Bone (Red bone marrow), Medullary Cavity, Nutrient Forearm, Edosteum, Periosteum. |
| Periosteum Layers | |
| Fibrous Layer | Outermost layer, dense irregular connective tissue. |
| Osteogenic Layer | Innermost layer, made of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
| Sharpey's Fibers | Collagen fibers which extend from the fibrous layer to bone matrix to secure the periosteum. |
| Long Bone | Longer than they are wide. ex: humurus, femur, fibula, tibia |
| Short Bone | Roughly cube shaped. ex: scaphoid, lunate, calcaneus, navicular. |
| Vitamins In Bone | |
| Vitamin D | Has hormone calcitriol, promotes removal of calcium. |
| Vitamin C | Maintains bone matrix. |
| Vitamin A | Controls osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity. |
| Vitamin B12 | Aids in osteoblast activity. |
| Bone Repair | |
| Fracture Hematoma | Broken blood vessels form clot. |
| Phagocytes and osteoclasts | Remove traumatized tissue. |
| Procallus | Blood capillaries organize the hematoms into granulation tissue. |
| Fibroblasts form periosteum and osteoprogenator cells | Produce Collagen Fibers. |
| Soft Callus | Chondroblasts form and produce fibrocartilage (fibrocartilagenous cells). |
| Hard Callus | Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone. |
| Remodeling of spongy bone to compact bone. | |
| Sutures | |
| Coronal Suture | Behind Forehead |
| Lamboidal Suture | Above Occipital |
| Squamosal Suture | Above Ear |
| Sagittal Suture | Center of Head |
| Types of Movement | |
| Flexion | Bending, Decreases angle of joint. |
| Extension | Increases angle of joint, hyperextension. |
| Abduction | Movement of limb away from the midline or median plane of the body. |
| Adduction | Movement of limb toward body. |
| Rotation | Turning of a bone along its own axis. |
| Different Joints | |
| Fibrous Joint | No joint activity is present, most are immoveable. |
| Cartilaginous Joint | Lack a joint cavity, not highly moveable. |
| Synovial Joint | Fluid-containing joint cavity, freely moveable joints. |
| Synarthrosis | Immoveable |
| Suture | Occurs in-between bones of skull. Interlock with short connective tissue. Closed sutures are called synostoses. |
| Gomphosis | Peg in socket |
| Synchondrosis | Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage uniting bone. Only moves during growth. |
| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly moveable |
| Syndesmosis | Bones connected by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue. Amount of movement depends on length of connecting tissue. |
| Symphysis | When articular surfaces of the bones are covered with articular cartilage (hyaline). Acts as shock absorber. Designed for strength with flexibility. |
| Diarthrosis | Freely moveable |
| Gliding Joint | Usually flat articulation, allow short gliding movements. |
| Hinge Joint | One concave surface and one convex, permits flexion and extension only. |
| Pivot Joint | Allows for rotation, atlas bone, head side to side to say "No". |
| Cartilage Tears | Mostly involve meniscus from compression and stress. |
| Arthritis | Pain, stiffness and swelling of joint, inflammatory disorder, synovial membrane thickens and fluid production decreases causing friction and pain. |
| Osteoarthritis | Most common, chronic and degenerative, wear and tear arthritis, most prevalent in elders, more women than men, osteophytes. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Chronic inflammatory disorder, can occur at any age, more in women than men, joint tenderness and stiffness, autoimmune disease. |
| Gouty Arthritis | Urate crystals caused by uric acid are deposited in the soft tissues of joints, causes painful attack of gout, more men than women. |
| Lyme Disease | Inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by bites of ticks that live on mice and deer. |
| Membranes | |
| Synovial Membrane | Membrane composed of areolar tissue with elastic fibers and adipose tissue, used to line cavities of moveable joints. |
| Bursa | Sac usually with lubricating fluid. |
| Articular synovial membranes | Freely moving articulations, ligaments, and bursa. |
| Tendon Sheaths | Surrounds tendon. |
| Epithelial Membrane | Membrane composed of epithelium and connective tissue used to line a surface. |
| Mucous Membranes | Lines body cavities that open to exterior, epithelial sheet is directly under a layer of loose connective tissue. This is called Laminae Propria. |
| Serous Membranes | Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity, Parietal portion, visceral portion, results in thin clear serous fluid that lubricates surfaces of parietal and visceral layers, Pericardium, Pleura, Peritoneum. |
| SKIN | |
| Epidermis | What we see with our eyes, composed of stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Epidermis Layers | |
| Stratum Corneum (horney layer) | 20-30 rows dead cells, protect skin against abrasion and penetration, glycolipids between its cells barely waterproofs this layer. |
| Stratum Lucidum (clear layer) | Thin translucent band just above stratum granulosum, 2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes. |
| Stratum Granulosum (granular layer) | 3-5 cell layers, produce keratohyalin, lamellated granules. |
| Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer) | Several cell layers thick, mostly tension-resisting bundles of prekeratin filaments, polyhedral shaped keratinocytes with spiny projections (8-10 rows), langerhan cells and processes of melanocytes. |
| Stratum Basale | Deepest epidermal layer, mostly stem cells which divide to produce keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merklel cells. |
| Dermis | 2nd major skin region, strong, flexible connective tissue, binds entire body together, Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, white blood cells, matrix with collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. |
| 3 Layers of the Dermis | |
| Papillary Layer | Areolar tissue with many blood vessels and elastic fibers. Dermal papillae Indentations into epithelium. Free nerve endings, meisseners corpuscles. |
| Reticular Layer | Thicker 2nd layer, dense irregular connective tissue with collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, fibers allow for extensibility and elasticity, Krause corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles, collagen fibers align in a direction called lines of cleavage. |
| Hypodermis (superficial fascia) | The subcutaneous layer, attaches to its underlying tissues, contains pacinian corpuscles. |
| Skin Colors | |
| Melanin in Epidermis | Pigment that makes up color of skin, produced in cells called melanocytes. |
| Carotene in Dermis | Yellow-Orange pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis; most evident in thick skin. |
| Blood in capillaries of dermis | Reddish, pass blood from arteries to veins. |
| Albinism | An inherited condition, a lack of pigment that gives color to skin, eyes, and hair. |
| Cyanosis | Blue colored due to heart failure or respiratory disease. |
| Erythema | Reddened skin due to blushing, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy. |
| Jaundice | Yellow colored due to liver disorder. |
| Epidermal Derivatives | |
| Hair | Hairs are distributed over our entire skin except palms, soles, lips, nipples and some external genitalia, senses bugs on skin, hair on scalp, eyelashes, nose hairs. |
| Pili (hair) | Flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist of dead keratinized cells. |
| Regions | 1. Shaft 2. Root |
| 3 Layers of Keratinized cells | 1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle |
| Hair Follicle | Fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis. Deep end of follicle forms a hair bulb, around each nerve is a sensory nerve ending called hair follicle receptors or root hair plexus Arrector Pili. |
| Types of Hair | |
| Vellus hair | Fine hair found on children and adult females. |
| Terminal hair | Coarser, long hair of eyebrows and scalp, often darker. |
| Hair Disorders | |
| Alopecia | Baldness; hair not replaced as fast as it sheds. |
| Male pattern Baldness | Genetically determined, sex-influenced condition. |
| Glands | |
| Sebaceous glands | Secrete serum made of fat, cholesterol, protein and salts to keep skin supple and inhibit bacteria. |
| Sudoiferous Glands | Sweat is composed of apocrine sweat glands in groin, axilia, and areola, merocrine glands produce watery perspiration to cool body on palms, soles, and forehead. |
| Ceruminous Glands | Found in lining of external ear canal, forms sticky substance called cerumen (ear wax). |
| Wound Healing | |
| Healing of Abrasions | Basal epidermal cells break contact with basement membrane. Cells enlarge and migrate until they meet. |
| Contact Inhibition (stops growth of cells) | Migration stops when in full contact. Basal stem cells now divide to form new cells. 24-48 hours healing. |
| Deep Wounds 5 Phases | |
| Inflammatory Response | Formation of clot of fibrin threads. Vasodilation to bring white blood cells to fight infection. |
| Migratory Phase | Clot becomes scab, epithelial cells migrate to bridge the wound. Fibroblasts travel along fibrin and form scar tissue of collagen and glycoproteins. Damaged vessels repair. |
| Proliferative Phase | Growth of epithelial cells, formation of collagen fibers. |
| Maturation Phase | Scab sloughs off, collagen is organized, fibroblasts decrease in number. |
| Remodeling | Scar tissue collagen is more dense, fewer blood vessels, and may not have sweat glands, hair or sensory neurons. |
| Burns | Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electric, radiation, and certain chemicals. |
| First Degree Burns | Only epidermis damaged, localized redness, swelling and pain, heals in 2-3 days. |
| Second Degree Burns | Injure epidermis and upper region of dermis. Mimic 1st degree burn, blisters appear. heals in 3-4 weeks. |
| Third Degree Burns | Entire thickness of skin, Appears grey-white, cherry red or blackened. |
| Rule of Nines | |
| Head | front:4.5%, back:4.5% both:9% |
| Arm | front:4.5%, back:4.5%, both:9%, both arms:18% |
| Trunk | front:18%, back:18%, both:36% |
| Leg | front:9%, back:9%, both:18%, both legs:36% |
| Skin Cancer | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Malignant tumor, skin and other areas. |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Common, slow growing, usually facial, rarely metastasizes. |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | Malignant, vascular, effects lower extremities, aids, usually middle aged men caused by herpes. |
| Malignant Melanoma | Looks like mole, sides do not match, border is irregular, brown, red, blue, dark brown, bigger than pencil eraser, a little elevated. |
| Mutations | When DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene. |
| Consequences | |
| Apoptosis | Cell dies off |
| Anaplastic Cells | Not normal/harmful |
| Lack of contact inhibition | Cell doesn't know when to stop reproducing. |
| Function of Kidney | |
| Blood | Filters the Hazardous nitrogenous wastes in our blood caused by the breakdown of proteins such as creatinine and urea. |
| Water | Reabsorbs water loss during filtration. |
| Wastes | Concentrates and removes wastes in liquid form (urine). |
| Layers of Kidney | |
| Renal Capsule | Thinner innermost layer protects kidney from infection. |
| Adipost | Cushions and holds kidney in place. |
| Renal Fascia | Outermost layer anchors in place to body wall. |
| Cortex | Outer reddish area forms columns. |
| Medulla | Inner region of kidney forms pyramids. |
| Pyramids | Triangular structure composed of medullary tissue. |
| Papillae | Structure at base of pyramids connects to calyces. |
| Columns | Between pyramids made of cortical tissue. |
| Calyces | Collect area for urine. |
| Pelvis | Large cavity that collects urine and leads out into ureter. |
| Bladder and Sphincter | |
| Urinary Bladder | Expandable sac with receptors. |
| Internal Sphincter | No control, empties around 200-400 ml of urine. |
| External Sphincter | Voluntary override; |
| Ureter Tubes lead to the bladder | Gravity and pressure controlled. |
| Urethra | Tube to the external environment. |
| Nephron | |
| Cortical Nephron | |
| Juxtamedullary Nephron (deeper) | Eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and BP, controls levels of electrolytes, regulates blood pH. |
| Parts of Nephron | |
| Bowmans (glomerular) Capsule | In cortex of the kidney, surrounds the glomerulus, site of filtration of the blood. |
| Glomerulus | Network of capillaries surrounded by the Bowmans capsules, site of filtration. |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | Where most of the water is absorbed by obligatory water reabsorption. |
| Descending limb of the loop of Henle | |
| Loop of Henle | |
| Ascending limb of the loop of Henle | |
| Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) | Away from the Bowmans capsule |
| Collecting Duct | |
| Enzymes | |
| When BP drops, JG (juxtaglomerular) cells secrete an enzyme renin. | |
| Renin removes AA (Angiotensin-Aldosterone) from angiotensinogen to form angiotensin1 | |
| Angiotensin 1 goes to lungs, and enzymes convert it to angiotensin 2. | |
| Angiotensin 2 | Vasoconstricts to raise BP, reduces renal flow, stimulates secretion of aldosterone (hormone) from the adrenal cortex to stimulate thirst. (Aldosterone makes you thirsty). |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which controls the permeability of DCT and CT to water. | |
| No ADH | Collecting tubules impermeable to H2O so there is more H2O in urine, urine is more dilute, kidneys cant reabsorb the extra H2O it needs. |
| ADH Present | Urine is more concentrated, collecting tubules are permeable to H2O so more water is reabsorbed so urine is more concentrated. |
Created by:
shelleyw
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