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Bio 2 Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mitosis | genetic material is copied and divided equally |
| meiosis | daughter cells inherit half the genetic material of the parent cell |
| functions of mitosis | growth, wound repair, asexual reproduction |
| G1 phase | replication of organelles and addition of cytoplasm |
| S phase | chromosome duplication |
| G2 phase | final preparation for division |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense and become visible in the light microscope |
| Prometaphase | nuclear envelope breaks down; nucleolus dissappears |
| Metaphase | formation of mitotic spindle is complete; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| Anaphase | centomeres splits; sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | new nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes; mitosis is complete when two independent nuclei have formed |
| Cytokinesis | cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells; occurs immediately after mitosis |
| chromosomes | contain a single long double helix of DNA wrapped around proteins |
| chromatin | DNA-Protein material |
| kinetochore | site of attachment for spindle fibers |
| MTOC | form spindle fibers |
| spindle fibers | made up have alpha and beta tubulin |
| gene | a section of DNA that governs a particular trait |
| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes |
| allele | variants of a gene |
| haploid | possesses only one of each type of chromosome |
| homologous (homologs) | same type |
| synapsis | process where chromosomes pair up in Meiosis I |
| Non-disjunction | erroneous pairing of chromosomes during Meiosis |
| G0 phase | where non-dividing cells are permanently stuck in the G1 phase ex: brain cells, nerve cells |
| environment | length of the M phase depends on the _____ |
| the cell cycle is regulated and regulation varies among cells and organisms | variations in phase length suggest that ____ and ____ |
| Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) | present in the cytoplasm of the M-phase and induces mitosis in all eukaryotes |
| two distinct subunits: an enzyme kinase and cyclin | what is MPF composed of? |
| kinase | enzyme the phosphorylates a target protein |
| cyclin | functions as a regulatory protein |
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) | active when bound to the cyclin subunit and activity is dependent on concentration of cyclin |
| factors that determine if cell will pass G1 checkpoint | cell size, nutrient availability, cell signals, health of DNA |
| factors that determine if cell will pass G2 checkpoint | if chromosome replication has not proceeded properly, if DNA is damaged |
| factors that determine if cell will pass M checkpoint | all kinetochores are safely attached to the spindle fibers, chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent |
| benign tumor | non cancerous tumor cell that stay within original tissue and do not invade |
| malignant tumor | cancerous tumor cell that invades adjacent tissue |
| carcinoma | 90 % of cancers arise from epithelial cells that line body surfaces (lung, breast or colon cancer) |
| sarcoma | rare cancers, arise from connective tissue (bone, muscle, or fibrous tissue) |
| leukemias/lymphomas | cancers of blood or immune cells |
| proto-oncogene | a normal gene that stimulates growth or survival |
| oncogene | mutated proto-oncogene that contributes to cancer |
| tumor suppressor gene | normally inhibit cell growth or stimulate apoptosis; when lost/inactivated, the cell cycle 'brakes' are lost |
| p53 gene | stops the cell cycle and helps to repair damaged DNA |
| karyotype | number and types of chromosomes present in an organism |
| ploidy | indicates the number of each type of chromosome present and is designated by the letter n |
| diploid | organisms with two of each type of chromosome |
| Meiosis I | the diploid parent cell produces two haploid daughter cells |
| Meiosis II | the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and go to different daughter cells |
| crossing over | occurs when chromosomal segments are swapped between adjacent homologs, results in the formation of a chiasmata |
| reductive division | end result of meiosis I, chromosome number is decreased |
| outcrossing | gametes from different individuals combine to form offspring |
| aneuploid zygotes | those with too few or too many chromosomes |
| downs syndrome | have an extra copy of chromosome #21 |
| triploid syndrome | three pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| polyploid | cells and organisms containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes, non-vertebrates |
| asexual reproduction | produces clones that are genetically identical to one another, genetically identical to the parent |
| sexual reproduction | fusion of gametes that have a chromosome makeup different from that of one another and from that of either parent |
| Sex Paradox | asexual reproduction is a more efficient system than sexual reproduction; organisms reproducing asexually should be able to outcompete sexually reproducing organisms |
| Purifying Selection Hypothesis | natural selection against deleterious alleles; over time should steadily reduce the number of numerical advantage of asexual reproduction |
| Changing-Environment Hypothesis | offspring that are genetically different from their parents are more likely to survive and produce offspring if the environment changes |
| Blending Inheritance | parental traits blend in such a way that their offspring have intermediate traits |
| Inheritance of acquired characteristics | parental traits are modified and then passed on to their offspring |
| model organism | species that has been widely studied and has particular experimental advantages |
| pure line | produce identical offspring |
| hybrids | pure lines that differed in one or more traits |
| phenotype | an organism's observable features |
| genotype | the alleles an organism conveys |
| Parental generation | the original pure line parents that cross |
| F1 generation | the offspring of the parental generation cross |
| F2 generation | the offspring of the F1 generation cross |
| Independent Assortment | alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of each other |
| Principal of Segregation | pairs of alleles are separated during meiosis in the formation of gametes |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | states that chromosomes are composed of hereditary determinants |
| wild type | most common phenotype for each trait |
| mutant | differ from wild type, change in the gene |
| sex-linked inheritance | various inheritance patterns that can occur when genes are carried on the sex chromosomes |
| autosomal inheritance | genes on autosomes |
| linkage | physical association of two or more genes found on the same chromosome |
| sex-linkage | single gene is found on sex chromosome |
| pleiotropic | genes that influence multiple traits |
| genetic recombination | leads to the emergence of new phenotypes |
| multiple allelism | traits depend on a combination of many genes |
| pedigrees | family trees used to analyze human crosses that already exist because experimental crosses cannot be done on humans; record the genetic relationships among the individuals in a family |
| X-linked recessive allele | males are more likely to exhibit the phenotype, unaffected parents of an affected individual are likely to be carriers |
Created by:
cohoonm
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